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United Nations: Year in Review 1997 ... United States: Year in Review 2000

United Nations: Year in Review 1997 For friends and employees of the United Nations as well as for beneficiaries of its programs, 1996 was a depressing year. An intense battle, provoked by the United States, ensued over the choice of a secretary-general to succeed Boutros Boutros-Ghali on Jan. 1, 1997; the organization was technically bankrupt; many ... United Nations: Year in Review 1998 Kofi Annan of Ghana(see BIOGRAPHIES) took office on Jan. 1, 1997, as the new secretary-general of the United Nations, and change was in the air throughout the year. Annan's reforms were controversial, but the General Assembly approved most of them. In other major developments, the UN's authority was seriously challenged ... United Nations: Year in Review 1999 Owing to the failure of the United States to pay its full dues to the UN since 1995, a virtually bankrupt UN limped through 1998 only because some members, including a few less-developed countries, provided interest-free loans, because a few nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) contributed funds, and because the UN did ... United Nations: Year in Review 2000 On several occasions during 1999 United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan acknowledged failures in UN actions and risked member states' ire by bringing forward important issues that they had acted badly upon or failed to act upon at all. In September he rebuked the U.S. Senate for rejecting the Comprehensive Test ... United Nations: Year in Review 2002 Though UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan's term was scheduled to end on Dec. 31, 2001, he announced on March 22 his availability for five more years. UN delegates credited him with having strengthened internal management, gained control over the organization's budget, and improved ties with the U.S., and they reelected him ... United Nations: Year in Review 2003 In 2002 the United Nations continued to refocus its overall mission as one of comprehensively promoting human security rather than separately promoting peace and security, economic and social well-being, sustainable development, human rights, or a variety of other goals. As a result, a somewhat greater sense of coherence was brought ... United Nations: Year in Review 2005 The year 2004 was marked by tense relations between the United Nations and the United States, the world body's largest financial contributor. Much of the discontent on both sides centred on the situation in Iraq and the lack of security there. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan's refusal to send more UN ... United Nations: Year in Review 2006 In 2005 the member states of the United Nations celebrated the 60th anniversary of the world body. The occasion was marked more by critical reflection than grand hoopla. What was the role of the UN in the 21st century? How could the institutional structures and mechanisms established well over half ... United Nations: Year in Review 2007 As 2006 drew to a close, the United Nations was experiencing an unprecedented surge in its peace and security operations. In October UN peacekeeping deployment reached an all-time high. Nearly 100,000 military, police, and civilian personnel, drawn from 112 countries, engaged in 18 different operations around the world. Concern about ... United Nations: Year in Review 2008 During 2007 the upsurge in UN peace and security operations continued to break all-time levels, with Darfur province in The Sudan leading the list of major humanitarian crises. Efforts to halt nuclear weapons proliferation met with mixed success. Progress on attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was not on target, ... United Nations: Year in Review 2009 The United Nations in 2008 celebrated both its 60th year of peacekeeping and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The year also witnessed the worst financial crisis since ... United Nations: Year in Review 2010 The United Nations in 2009 continued its efforts to deal with important global issues on many fronts but was forced to do so in the context of the continuing global economic and financial crisis. It was the UN Year of Climate Change, but little progress toward a comprehensive global climate ... United Nations: Year in Review 2011 The year 2010 marked the 65th anniversary of the United Nations and brought forth new challenges as the UN system pushed forward with a complex global agenda in the context of continuing global economic and financial uncertainty. The year began with the prospect of the return to greater engagement in ... United Nations: Year in Review 2012 As the economic, food, and energy crises continued to have a heavy impact on most countries around the world in 2011, the hardest-hit and the least able to cope were the poor, many of whom turned to the UN for help. With only four years remaining before the 2015 deadline ... United Nations: Year in Review 2013 In the realm of the United Nations, the year 2012 would be remembered as much for what did not happen as much as for what did. The "Arab Spring" turned chilly in November 2012 as protesters returned en masse to Cairo's Tahrir Square. The Israelis and Hamas rained missiles on ... United Nations international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in New ... United Nations Capital Development Fund United Nations (UN) organization established by the General Assembly in 1966 and fully operational in 1974. Headquartered in New York City, the UNDF, a semi-autonomous unit of the United Nations Development Programme, provides grants and loans to the least-developed members of the UN for projects in areas such as agriculture ... United Nations Conference on Environment and Development conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3-14, 1992), to reconcile worldwide economic development with protection of the environment. The Earth Summit was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, with 117 heads of state and representatives of 178 nations in all attending. By means of treaties and ... United Nations Conference on Trade and Development permanent organ of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, established in 1964 to promote trade, investment, and development in developing countries. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, UNCTAD has approximately 190 members. United Nations Development Programme United Nations (UN) organization formed in 1965 to help countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable human development, an approach to economic growth that emphasizes improving the quality of life of all citizens while conserving the environment and natural resources for future generations. The largest UN development assistance program, the UNDP ... United Nations Environment Programme organization established in 1972 to guide and coordinate environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system. UNEP promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations, and, through its scientific advisory groups, encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN's environmental ... United Nations Foundation public charity created in 1998 to assist the United Nations (UN) and its humanitarian efforts through advocacy, partnerships, community building, and fund-raising. It strives to connect people, ideas, and resources (from governments, businesses, and international philanthropic organizations) and to facilitate collaboration on large-scale global issues. It is headquartered in Washington, ... United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Office of the department of the United Nations (UN) created to aid and protect human rights. The UN General Assembly Resolution 48/141 created the OHCHR in its present form in 1993. The OHCHR works with all levels of government internationally to achieve its goals to protect human rights across the globe. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the organization established as the successor to the International Refugee Organization (IRO; 1946-52) by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1951 to provide legal and political protection for refugees until they could acquire nationality in new countries of residence. International refugee assistance was first provided by the League of Nations ... United Nations Industrial Development Organization international UN development agency, based in Vienna, that was established by the General Assembly on January 1, 1967. UNIDO's governing body, the General Conference, meets every two years and determines policy and approves the budget. It also elects the director-general and the Industrial Development Board, which is composed of representatives ... United Nations Institute for Training and Research United Nations organization established in 1965 to provide high-priority training and research projects to help facilitate the UN objectives of world peace and security and of economic and social progress. A Board of Trustees of up to 30 members is appointed by the UN secretary-general; the secretary-general himself and the ... United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency economic-rehabilitation program (1950-58) established to aid South Korea in recovering from the disruption caused by the 1945 partition creating the two Korean republics. In addition to problems of economic reconstruction, much attention was concentrated on the problem of refugees who were displaced by World War II and those who were ... United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs agency of the United Nations (UN) Secretariat originally established in 1972 to coordinate international relief activities to countries struck by natural or other disasters. It is headed by a disaster relief coordinator who reports directly to the UN secretary-general and works closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). United Nations Peacekeeping Forces international armed forces first used in 1948 to observe cease-fires in Kashmir and Palestine. Although not specifically mentioned in the United Nations (UN) Charter, the use of international forces as a buffer between warring parties pending troop withdrawals and negotiations-a practice that became known as peacekeeping-was formalized in 1956 during ... United Nations Population Fund trust fund under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Established in 1969, the UNFPA is the largest international source of assistance for population programs and the leading United Nations (UN) organization for the implementation of the 1994 Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and ... United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration administrative body (1943-47) for an extensive social-welfare program that assisted nations ravaged by World War II. Created on Nov. 9, 1943, by a 44-nation agreement, its operations concentrated on distributing relief supplies, such as food, clothing, fuel, shelter, and medicines; providing relief services, with trained personnel; and aiding agricultural and ... United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East subsidiary agency created by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1949 to provide relief, health, and education services for Palestinians who lost both their homes and means of livelihood during the Arab-Israeli wars following the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Beginning operations in 1950, UNRWA was ... United Nations Research Institute for Social Development autonomous United Nations body established in 1964 to conduct research into the problems and policies of social and economic development. UNRISD is dependent on voluntary contributions from governments, from other UN organizations, and from various national and international agencies because it does not receive monies from the regular UN budget; ... United Nations Resolution 181 resolution passed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1947 that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with the city of Jerusalem as a corpus separatum (Latin: "separate entity") to be governed by a special international regime. The resolution-which was considered by the Jewish ... United Nations Resolution 242 resolution of the United Nations (UN) Security Council passed in an effort to secure a just and lasting peace in the wake of the Six-Day (June) War of 1967, fought primarily between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Israelis supported the resolution because it called on the Arab states ... United Nations Resolution 338 resolution of the United Nations (UN) Security Council that called for an end to the Yom Kippur (October) War of 1973, in which Israel faced an offensive led by Egypt and Syria. The ambiguous three-line resolution, which was adopted unanimously (with one abstention) on Oct. 22, 1973, called upon all ... United Nations, flag of the flag consisting of a blue field incorporating, in white, a central map of the Earth framed by olive branches. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3 or, alternatively, 3 to 5. UNITED NATIONS: Fourth World Conference on Women: Year in Review 1996 Women from 185 countries convened in Beijing on Sept. 4, 1995, for the Fourth World Conference on Women. Among the prominent personalities in attendance were Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and U.S. first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, who delivered a stirring (and controversial) speech on September 5. The assembly agreed ... United Party one of the leading political parties of South Africa from its inception in 1934 until dissolution in 1977. It was the governing party from 1934 to 1948 and thereafter the official opposition party in Parliament. United Pentecostal Church, Inc. Protestant denomination organized in St. Louis, Mo., U.S., in 1945 by merger of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ and the Pentecostal Church, Inc. It is the largest of the Jesus Only groups (a movement for which the sacrament of baptism is given in the name of Jesus only, rather ... United Presbyterian Church denomination that flourished in Scotland from 1847 to 1900. It was formed through the union of the United Secession Church and the Relief Church, which had developed from groups that left the Church of Scotland in the 18th century. The United Presbyterian Church, the Church of Scotland, and the Free ... United Press International American-based news agency, one of the largest proprietary wire services in the world. It was created in 1958 upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with the International News Service (INS). UPI and its precursor agencies pioneered in some key areas of news coverage, including the wired transmission ... United Provinces of Central America (1823-40), union of what are now the states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. United Service Organizations, Inc. private, nonprofit social-service agency first chartered on February 4, 1941, to provide social, welfare, and recreational services for members of the U.S. armed forces and their families. United States: Year in Review 1994 The United States of America is a federal republic composed of 50 states. Area: 9,372,571 sq km (3,618,770 sq mi), including 205,856 sq km of inland water but excluding the 156,492 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries. Pop. (1993 est.): 258,233,000. Cap.: Washington, D.C. Monetary ... United States: Year in Review 1995 The United States of America is a federal republic composed of 50 states. Area: 9,372,571 sq km (3,618,770 sq mi), including 205,856 sq km of inland water but excluding the 156,492 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries. Pop. (1994 est.): 260,967,000. Cap.: Washington, D.C. Monetary ... United States: Year in Review 1996 The United States of America is a federal republic composed of 50 states. Area: 9,372,571 sq km (3,618,770 sq mi), including 205,856 sq km of inland water but excluding the 156,492 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries. Pop. (1995 est.): 263,057,000. Cap.: Washington, D.C. Monetary ... United States: Year in Review 1997 The United States of America is a federal republic composed of 50 states. Area: 9,362,753 sq km (3,614,979 sq mi), including 203,679 sq km of inland water but excluding the 155,534 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries. Pop. (1996 est.): 265,455,000. Cap.: Washington, D.C. Monetary ... United States: Year in Review 1998 Area: 9,363,364 sq km (3,615,215 sq mi), including 204,446 sq km of inland water but excluding the 155,534 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries United States: Year in Review 1999 Area: 9,363,364 sq km (3,615,215 sq mi), including 204,446 sq km of inland water but excluding the 155,534 sq km of the Great Lakes that lie within U.S. boundaries United States: Year in Review 2000 The 20th century had become widely known as the American Century, and the United States ended it by implanting an exclamation point on that concept. Even while its national government was effectively mired in gridlock-perhaps because of it-the U.S. economy in 1999 roared ahead in a ninth consecutive year of ...