| | - propensity to consume
- in economics, the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers tend to spend on goods and services rather than to save. The ratio of total consumption to total income is known as the average propensity to consume; an increase in consumption caused by an addition ... [1 Related Articles]
- propensity to save
- in economics, the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers save rather than spend on goods and services. The average propensity to save equals the ratio of total saving to total income; the marginal propensity to save equals the ratio of a change in saving ... [1 Related Articles]
- proper class
- (from the article "set theory") ...take classes-the totalities corresponding to certain properties-as values. A class is defined to be a set if it is a member of some class; those classes that are not sets are called proper classes. Intuitively, sets are intended to be those classes that are adequate for mathematics, and proper classes ...
- proper motion
- in astronomy, the apparent motion of a star across the celestial sphere at right angles to the observer's line of sight; any radial motion (toward or away from the Sun) is not included. It is observed with respect to a framework of very distant background stars or galaxies. Proper motion ... [5 Related Articles]
- proper name
- (from the article "metaphysics") Russell, who was generally sympathetic to this answer, added another argument derived from logic: proper names, he said, were names of particulars, which must accordingly exist. Ordinary proper names (such as "Socrates") had other functions than to denote, but logically proper names ("this" was Russell's example) served simply to pick ...
- Proper of Saints
- (from the article "church year") ...church year consists of two concurrent cycles: (1) the Proper of Time (Temporale), or seasons and Sundays that revolve around the movable date of Easter and the fixed date of Christmas, and (2) the Proper of Saints (Sanctorale), other commemorations on fixed dates of the year. Every season and holy ...
- Proper of the mass
- (from the article "mass") The Proper. The Proper of the mass includes the scriptural texts that change daily with the liturgical calendar. The Proper texts sung by the choir, with the participation of soloists, are the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia or Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion.Ambrosian rite
- Proper of Time
- (from the article "church year") The church year consists of two concurrent cycles: (1) the Proper of Time (Temporale), or seasons and Sundays that revolve around the movable date of Easter and the fixed date of Christmas, and (2) the Proper of Saints (Sanctorale), other commemorations on fixed dates of the year. Every season and ...
- proper subset
- (from the article "set theory") If every element of set B is an element of set A, but the converse is false (hence B ≠ A), then B is said to be properly included in, or is a proper subset of, A (symbolized by B ⊂ A). Thus, if A = {3, 1, 0, 4, 2}, both {0, 1, 2} and...
- proper supposition
- (from the article "logic, history of") Supposition theory, at least in its 14th-century form, is best viewed as two theories under one name. The first, sometimes called the theory of "supposition proper," is a theory of reference and answers the question "To what does a given occurrence of a term refer in a given proposition?" In ...
- proper time
- (from the article "relativistic mechanics") ...events corresponds to the time axis of this inertial frame of reference. The quantity tau is equal to the difference in time between the two events in this inertial frame and is called the proper time between the two events. The proper time would be measured by any clock moving ...
- Propertius, Sextus
- greatest elegiac poet of ancient Rome. The first of his four books of elegies, published in 29 BC, is called Cynthia after its heroine (his mistress, whose real name was Hostia); it gained him entry into the literary circle centring on Maecenas. [2 Related Articles]
- property
- (from the article "logic, history of") The other major competitor to first-order predicate logic based on a classical propositional logic arose with the renewed interest in Frege's theory of properties begun by Alonzo Church in the late 1930s. The first result was a logical theory called the lambda calculus, which allowed one by the application of ...
- property
- (from the article "theatre") ...(from which the word "scene" is derived), which was then a small tent, and the chorus and actors entered together from the main approach, the parodos. The earliest properties, such as altars and rocks, could be set up at the edge of the terrace. The first extant drama for which ...
- property
- an object of legal rights, which embraces possessions or wealth collectively, frequently with strong connotations of individual ownership. In law the term refers to the complex of jural relationships between and among persons with respect to things. The things may be tangible, such as land or goods, or intangible, such ... [13 Related Articles]
- property insurance
- (from the article "insurance") Two main types of contracts-homeowner's and commercial-have been developed to insure against loss from accidental destruction of property. These contracts (or forms) typically are divided into three or four parts: insuring agreements, identification of covered property, conditions and stipulations, and exclusions.
- property law
- principles, policies, and rules by which disputes over property are to be resolved and by which property transactions may be structured. What distinguishes property law from other kinds of law is that property law deals with the relationships between and among members of a society with respect to "things." The ... [31 Related Articles]
- property tax
- levy that is imposed primarily upon land and buildings. In some countries, including the United States, the tax is also imposed on business and farm equipment and inventories. Sometimes the tax extends to automobiles, jewelry, and furniture and even to such intangibles as bonds, mortgages, and shares of stock that ... [6 Related Articles]
- propfan
- (from the article "airplane") Propfans, unducted fan jet engines, obtain ultrahigh bypass airflow using wide chord propellers driven by the jet engine. Rockets are purely reactive engines, which usually use a fuel and an oxidizing agent in combination. They are used primarily for research aircraft and for launching the space shuttle vehicles and satellites.turboprop ...
- prophage
- (from the article "episome") Some bacterial viruses, called temperate phages, carry DNA that can act as an episome. A bacterial cell into whose chromosome the viral DNA has become integrated is called a prophage. See lysogeny.LwoffLwoff, AndreIn his prizewinning research, Lwoff showed that, after ...
- prophase
- (from the article "cell") Mitosis can be divided into five phases. In prophase the mitotic spindle forms and the chromosomes condense. In prometaphase the nuclear envelope breaks down (in many but not all eukaryotes) and the chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle. Both chromatids of each chromosome attach to the spindle at a specialized ...
- prophecy
- in religion, a divinely inspired revelation or interpretation. Although prophecy is perhaps most commonly associated with Judaism and Christianity, it is found throughout the religions of the world, both ancient and modern. [17 Related Articles]
- Prophet Dance
- North American Plateau Indian ritual of the early 19th century during which the participants danced in order to hasten the return of the dead and the renewal of the world, particularly the world as it was before European contact. The Prophet Dance was a precursor of the famous Ghost Dance ... [1 Related Articles]
- Prophet's Mosque
- courtyard of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina, Arabian Peninsula, which was the model for later Islamic architecture. The home of Muhammad and his family was a simple structure, made of raw brick, that opened on an enclosed courtyard where people gathered to hear him. In 634 Muhammad decreed that prayer ...
- Prophet, Elizabeth Clare
- (from the article "Church Universal and Triumphant") ...of the Great White Brotherhood, the order of spiritual beings, "the saints robed in white" that adherents believe guide the overall destiny of humankind. The church was founded by Mark L. Prophet (1918-73) and, after his death, was led by his wife, Elizabeth Clare Prophet, until her retirement in 1999. ...
- Prophet, Mark L.
- (from the article "Church Universal and Triumphant") ...saints robed in white" that adherents believe guide the overall destiny of humankind. The church was founded by Mark L. Prophet (1918-73) and, after his death, was led by his wife, Elizabeth Clare Prophet, until her retirement in 1999. Like many new religious movements, it has faced great criticism but ...
- Prophet, The
- North American Indian religious revivalist of the Shawnee people, who worked with his brother Tecumseh to create a pan-tribal confederacy to resist U.S. encroachment in the Northwest Territory. [1 Related Articles]
- prophetic movement
- (from the article "eschatology") ...because it is not acculturation as such that produces messianism but the crises and dislocations caused by certain forms of interaction between cultures. Other scholars use the term prophetic movements because many movements are started or propagated by prophetlike leaders. There is also a tendency among modern anthropologists to label ...
- Prophets, The Lives of the
- pseudepigraphal collection (not in any scriptural canon) of folk stories and legends about the major and minor biblical prophets and a number of other prophetic figures from the Old Testament books of I Kings, II Chronicles, and Nehemiah. The work demonstrates the popularity of religious and philosophical biography in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- prophylactic
- (from the article "antimicrobial agent") Preservatives, usually chemical agents, are added to certain foods and medicines to prevent the growth of microorganisms that may cause spoilage or disease. Prophylactics also are agents used to prevent infections and diseases. Vaccination is the administration of harmless amounts of disease-causing microorganisms into animals, including humans, to prevent diseases. ...
- prophylactic immunization
- (from the article "immune system") Prophylactic immunization refers to the artificial establishment of specific immunity, a technique that has significantly reduced suffering and death from a variety of infectious diseases. There are two types of prophylactic immunization: passive immunization, in which protection is conferred by introducing preformed antibodies or lymphocytes from another individual whose immune ...
- propionic acid
- (from the article "Food preservatives") ...group. Because the carboxyl carbon is understood to be carbon 1, there is no need to give it a number. For example, the compound CH3CH2COOH has three carbon atoms and is called propanoic acid, from propane, the name for a three-carbon chain, with -oic acid, the suffix for this class ...
- propionic acidemia
- (from the article "metabolic disease") Propionic acidemia is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which results in an accumulation of propionic acid. Individuals with this disorder usually present with life-threatening illness early in infancy. Acidemia, dehydration, low white blood cell count, low muscle tone, and lethargy progressing to coma are typical features. ...
- propionyl coenzyme A
- (from the article "metabolism") ...of amino acids such as valine and isoleucine. They may be fragmented through repeated cycles of steps [22] to [25] until the final five-carbon acyl coenzyme A is split into acetyl coenzyme A and propionyl coenzyme A, which has three carbon atoms. In many bacteria this propionyl coenzyme A can ...
- propitiation
- (from the article "animism") ...spirits represent particularistic powers and must be handled accordingly. Typically, a belief system's primary emphasis is on avoidance of trouble, and this is the meaning of the many taboos and propitiatory observances of an almost mechanical nature that abound in some societies. When trouble is at last encountered, the responsible ...
- propodium
- (from the article "gastropod") ...a flat, broadly tapered, muscular organ, which is highly glandularized and usually ciliated, numerous modifications occur in various groups. Frequently there is an anterior-posterior division into a propodium and a metapodium, with the former capable of being reflexed over the shell. In Strombus the foot is greatly narrowed; in limpets ...
- propolis
- (from the article "beekeeping") ...the essential proteins necessary for the rearing of young bees. In the act of collecting nectar and pollen to provision the nest, the bees pollinate the flowers they visit. Honeybees also collect propolis, a resinous material from buds of trees, for sealing cracks in the hive or for covering foreign ...
- proportion
- (from the article "Borromini, Francesco") ...of 1665, he accused Borromini of abandoning the anthropometric basis of architecture. Because the body of Adam was modelled not only by God but also in his image and likeness, it was argued, the proportions of buildings should be derived from those of the body of man and woman. Borromini, ...
- proportion
- (from the article "algebra") Attempts to deal with incommensurables eventually led to the creation of an innovative concept of proportion by Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 400-350 BC), which Euclid preserved in his Elements (c. 300 BC). The theory of proportions remained an important component of mathematics well into the 17th century, by allowing the ...
- proportional counter
- (from the article "proportional counter") type of ionization chamber capable of differentiating between various kinds of charged particles and energies (see ionization chamber).TABLEradiation detection characteristicsTable 5: Applications of R
- proportional limit
- (from the article "elasticity") The elastic limit is in principle different from the proportional limit, which marks the end of the kind of elastic behaviour that can be described by Hooke's law, namely, that in which the stress is proportional to the strain (relative deformation) or equivalently that in which the load is proportional ...
- proportional punishment
- (from the article "punishment") Theories of deterrence and retribution share the idea that punishments should be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, a principle of practical importance. If all punishments were the same, there would be no incentive to commit the lesser rather than the greater offense. The offender might as well use ...
- proportional representation
- electoral system that seeks to create a representative body that reflects the overall distribution of public support for each political party. Where majority or plurality systems effectively reward strong parties and penalize weak ones by providing the representation of a whole constituency to a single candidate who may have received ... [8 Related Articles]
- proportional tax
- (from the article "taxation") Taxes can be distinguished by the effect they have on the distribution of income and wealth. A proportional tax is one that imposes the same relative burden on all taxpayers-i.e., where tax liability and income grow in equal proportion. A progressive tax is characterized by a more than proportional rise ...
- proportions, theory of
- (from the article "analysis") ...infinity, the Greeks found that the concept was indispensable in the mathematics of continuous magnitudes. So they reasoned about infinity as finitely as possible, in a logical framework called the theory of proportions and using the method of exhaustion.
- proposition
- (from the article "epistemology") ...distinctions: necessary versus contingent, analytic versus synthetic, tautological versus significant, and logical versus factual. These distinctions are normally spoken of as applying to "propositions," which may be thought of as the contents, or meanings, of sentences that can be either true or false. For example, the English sentence "Snow is ...
- Proposition 209
- (from the article "affirmative action") Opposition to affirmative action in California culminated in the passage in 1996 of the California Civil Rights Initiative (Proposition 209), which prohibited all government agencies and institutions from giving preferential treatment to individuals based on their race or sex. The Supreme Court effectively upheld the constitutionality of Proposition 209 in ...
- proposition form
- (from the article "formal logic") Closely related to the idea of a valid inference form is that of a valid proposition form. A proposition form is an expression of which the instances (produced as before by appropriate and uniform replacements for variables) are not inferences from several propositions to a conclusion but rather propositions taken ...
- propositional calculus
- in logic, symbolic system of treating compound and complex propositions and their logical relationships. As opposed to the predicate calculus, the propositional calculus employs simple, unanalyzed propositions rather than terms or noun expressions as its atomic units; and, as opposed to the functional calculus, it treats only propositions that do ... [11 Related Articles]
- propositional function
- in logic, a statement expressed in a form that would take on a value of true or false were it not for the appearance within it of a variable x (or of several variables), which leaves the statement undetermined as long as no definite values are specified for the variables. ... [1 Related Articles]
- propositional knowledge
- (from the article "applied logic") The propositional sense of knowing (i.e., knowing that something or other is the case), rather than the operational sense of knowing (i.e., knowing how something or other is done), is generally taken as the starting point for a logical theory of knowing. Accordingly, the logician may begin with a person ...
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