| | - Jujhar Singh
- (from the article "India") The next rebellion was led by Jujhar Singh, a Hindu chief of Orchha, in Bundelkhand, who commanded the crucial passage to the Deccan. Jujhar was compelled to submit after his kinsman Bharat Singh defected and joined the Mughals. His refusal to comply with subsequent conditions led, after a protracted conflict, ...
- jujitsu
- ("gentle art"), method of fighting that makes use of few or no weapons and employs holds, throws, and paralyzing blows to subdue an opponent. It evolved among the warrior class (bushi, or samurai) in Japan from about the 17th century. Designed to complement a warrior's swordsmanship in combat, it was ... [1 Related Articles]
- jujube
- either of two species of small, spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. This species, 7.6 to 9 m (25 to 30 feet) high, ...
- Jujuy
- provincia (province), extreme northwestern Argentina, bordering Chile (west) and Bolivia (north). It comprises several cordilleras of the Andes Mountains-reaching elevations of 16,500 feet (5,000 metres) and separated by the eastern portion of a bleak tableland 11,500 feet (3,500 metres) high called the Atacama Plateau-that descend on the ...
- jukebox
- (from the article "music recording") During the 1930s, as the American companies relied mainly on dance records in jukeboxes to satisfy a dwindled market, Europe supplied a slow but steady trickle of classical recordings. In 1931 the His Master's Voice (HMV) label in Great Britain began its "Society" issues: a limited public was asked to ...
- Juksakka
- (from the article "Madderakka") Sami goddess of childbirth. She is assisted by three of her daughters-Sarakka, the cleaving woman; Uksakka, the door woman; and Juksakka, the bow woman-who watch over the development of the child from conception through early childhood. Madderakka was believed to receive the soul of a child from Veralden-radien, the world ...
- juku
- Japanese privately run, after-hours tutoring school geared to help elementary and secondary students perform better in their regular daytime schoolwork and to offer cram courses in preparation for university entry examinations. Juku range from individual home-based tutorials to countrywide chains of schools and are staffed largely by retired teachers, moonlighting ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jukun
- a people living on the upper Benue River in Nigeria, commonly believed to be descendants of the people of Kororofa, one of the most powerful Sudanic kingdoms during the late European Middle Ages. The ruins of a great settlement to the northeast of the Jukun's present location are thought to ... [3 Related Articles]
- Julanda ibn Mas'ud, al-
- (from the article "Arabia, history of") ...imam in Hadhramaut, occupied Sanaa, and took Mecca and Medina, before the Umayyads drove them back to Hadhramaut. Oman had early become Kharijite; the first Ibadite imam, al-Julanda ibn Mas'ud, was elected at about the beginning of the 'Abbasid caliphate. After the Ibadite invasion of southern Arabia in 893, Oman ...
- Jules Rimet Trophy
- (from the article "World Cup") The trophy cup awarded from 1930 to 1970 was the Jules Rimet Trophy, named for the Frenchman who proposed the tournament. This cup was permanently awarded in 1970 to then three-time winner Brazil (1958, 1962, and 1970), and a new trophy called the FIFA World Cup was put up for ...
- Juli, El
- Spanish matador, who created a sensation in the bullfighting world at the end of the 20th century. [2 Related Articles]
- Julia
- the Roman emperor Augustus' only child, whose scandalous behaviour eventually caused him to exile her. [2 Related Articles]
- Julia
- (from the article "Pompey the Great") ...their continued solidarity was essential if they were to secure what Caesar gained for them in 59. Caesar, for his part, wanted a long-term command. Pompey, who now married Caesar's daughter, Julia, saw Caesar as his necessary instrument. Caesar, once consul, immediately forced through a land bill and, shortly after, ...
- Julia Domna
- second wife of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211) and a powerful figure in the regime of his successor, the emperor Caracalla. [4 Related Articles]
- Julia Maesa
- sister-in-law of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus and an influential power in the government of the empire who managed to make two of her grandsons emperors. [3 Related Articles]
- Julia Mamaea
- mother of the Roman emperor Severus Alexander and the dominant power in his regime. Mamaea was the daughter of Julia Maesa and niece of the former emperor Septimius Severus. Maesa persuaded her grandson Elagabalus (emperor 218-222) to adopt Mamaea's son Alexander and make him caesar and heir. When Elagabalus was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Julia set
- (from the article "Julia, Gaston Maurice") ...between points that tend to a limiting position as the iteration proceeds and those that never settle down. The former are now said to belong to the Fatou set of the iteration and the latter to the Julia set of the iteration. Julia showed that, except in the simplest cases, ...
- Julia, Gaston Maurice
- one of the two main inventors of iteration theory and the modern theory of fractals.
- Julia, Raul
- (RAUL RAFAEL CARLOS JULIA Y ARCELAY), Puerto Rican-born U.S. actor (b. March 9, 1940, San Juan, P.R.--d. Oct. 24, 1994, New York, N.Y.), was a dashing and handsome Latin stage and film star, whose versatility stretched from drama to farcical comedy; his compelling film performance as Valentin, a South American ...
- Julian
- (from the article "Aphthartodocetism") ..."incorruptible"), a Christian heresy of the 6th century that carried Monophysitism ("Christ had but one nature and that divine") to a new extreme; it was proclaimed by Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus, who asserted that the body of Christ was divine and therefore naturally incorruptible and impassible; Christ, however, was free ...
- Julian
- (from the article "Sudan, history of the") ...and the kingdom of 'Alwah in the south, with its capital at Subah (Soba) near what is now Khartoum. Between 543 and 575 these three kingdoms were converted to Christianity by the work of Julian, a missionary who proselytized in Nobatia (543-545), and his successor Longinus, who between 569 and ...
- Julian
- Roman emperor from AD 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet "the Apostate." [21 Related Articles]
- Julian Alps
- range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River and Sella di (Pass of) Camporosso (northwest) and by the Sava ... [2 Related Articles]
- Julian Bream Consort
- (from the article "Bream, Julian") ...had taken up the lute in 1950, which led to a collaboration with the British tenor Peter Pears in performances of lute songs by John Dowland and other Elizabethan composers. In 1961 he organized the Julian Bream Consort, one of the first groups to specialize in early ensemble music. The ...
- Julian calendar
- dating system established by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican calendar. By the 40s BC the Roman civic calendar was three months ahead of the solar calendar. Caesar, advised by the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, introduced the Egyptian solar calendar, taking the length of the solar year as ... [10 Related Articles]
- Julian Of Eclanum
- bishop of Eclanum who is considered to be the most intellectual leader of the Pelagians (see Pelagianism). [2 Related Articles]
- Julian of Norwich
- celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life as a recluse at St. Julian's Church, Norwich. [2 Related Articles]
- Julian period
- chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 BC. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian period was proposed by the scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583 and named by him for his father, Julius Caesar ... [2 Related Articles]
- Julian, Academie
- (from the article "Matisse, Henri") ...become a member of the avant-garde right away. In 1891, in order to prepare himself for the entrance examination at the official Ecole des Beaux-Arts, he enrolled in the privately run Academie Julian, where the master was the strictly academic William-Adolphe Bouguereau, then at the peak of a since-departed fame ...
- Julian, George W.
- American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures.
- Julian, Percy L.
- American chemist, synthesist of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans.
- Juliana
- queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980. [5 Related Articles]
- Juliana Canal
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...on large natural rivers and serving the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam has required comparatively little modernization; but to avoid the Maas (Meuse) River, between Roermond and Maastricht, the Juliana Canal was built in 1935 and improved after World War II. The Twente Canal, opened in 1936, improved communication with ...
- Juliana Top
- (from the article "Suriname") ...is almost entirely covered with tropical rain forest. In the southwest near the Brazilian border is the Sipaliwini Plain, another savanna area. The highest summit, at 4,035 feet (1,230 metres), is Juliana Top, in the Wilhelmina Mountains.
- Juliana, Blessed
- (from the article "Corpus Christi, Feast of") ...the Sunday) after Trinity Sunday. It originated in 1246 when Robert de Torote, bishop of Liege, ordered the festival celebrated in his diocese. He was persuaded to initiate the feast by Blessed Juliana, prioress of Mont Cornillon near Liege (1222-58), who had experienced a vision. It did not spread until ...
- Juliana, Saint
- (from the article "Cynewulf") Juliana, a poem of 731 lines, is a retelling of a Latin prose life of St. Juliana, a maiden who rejected the suit of a Roman prefect, Eleusius, because of her faith and consequently was made to suffer numerous torments.
- Julianus the Theurgist
- (from the article "mystery religion") Only fragments are preserved of the Chaldean Oracles, a theosophical text in verse that was composed by Julianus the Theurgist and his son late in the 2nd century AD and had great influence on the Neoplatonists. The work combined Platonic elements with Persian or Babylonian creeds and was regarded by ...
- Julich
- former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Julich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. [2 Related Articles]
- Julich Succession, War of the
- (from the article "Germany") General war nearly broke out in 1609-10 over the Julich-Cleves succession crisis. When the Roman Catholic ruler of these counties, which formed the strategically most important block of territories on the lower Rhine, died without an heir, two Protestant claimants occupied his lands, aided not only by the German Protestant ...
- Julien, Pauline
- Canadian singer, actress, songwriter, and feminist activist who specialized in songs that championed the cause of Quebec separatism and independence (b. May 23, 1928, Trois-Rivieres, Que.--d. Sept. 30, 1998, Montreal, Que.).
- Julien, Pierre
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...the movement did find a number of notable exponents in sculpture. These included Claude Michel, called Clodion, creator of many small Classical figures, especially nymphs; Augustin Pajou; and Pierre Julien. Pigalle's pupil Jean-Antoine Houdon was the most famous 18th-century French sculptor, producing many Classical figures and contemporary portraits in the ...
- julienne salad
- (from the article "salad") ...other starches. Mixed salads are hearty versions of green, vegetable, and starchy salads. The addition of meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, or cheese transforms the dish into a light entree. The julienne salad popular in the United States is a green salad garnished with narrow strips of cheese, chicken, ham, beef, ...
- Juliet
- daughter of the Capulets who is one of the two "star-crossed" lovers in Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Juliet's musing on the balcony-O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?Deny thy father and refuse thy name!Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,And I'll no longer ... [1 Related Articles]
- Julii, monument of the
- (from the article "Western sculpture") Funerary narrative sculpture of the late republic is exemplified in a monument of the Julii, at Saint-Remy (Glanum), France. The base of this structure carries four great reliefs with battle and hunt scenes that allude not only to the mundane prowess of the family but also to the otherworldly victory ...
- Julio-Claudian dynasty
- (AD 14-68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14-37), Caligula (37-41), Claudius I (41-54), and Nero (54-68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of the Julia gens), whereas Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Julius Alexander
- (from the article "ancient Rome") ...and the Parthians recognizing him as Rome's client king. In 66, however, revolt flared in Judaea, fired by Roman cruelty and stupidity, Jewish fanaticism, and communal hatreds; the prefect of Egypt, Julius Alexander, prevented involvement of the Jews of the Diaspora. An army was sent to Judaea under Titus Flavius ...
- Julius Caesar
- tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, produced in 1599-1600 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a transcript of a promptbook. [9 Related Articles]
- Julius I, Saint
- pope from 337 to 352. The papacy had been vacant four months when he was elected as St. Mark's successor on Feb. 6, 337. Julius then became the chief support of orthodoxy and the Nicene Creed against Arianism, a heresy that held Christ to have been human, not divine.
- Julius II
- greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned 1503-13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, Julius is most important for his close friendship with Michelangelo and for his patronage of other artists, including Bramante and ... [23 Related Articles]
- Julius III
- original name Giovanni Maria Ciocchi Del Monte pope from 1550 to 1555. [1 Related Articles]
- Julius Rosenwald Fund
- (from the article "Rosenwald, Julius") Generous to Jewish charities, Rosenwald nonetheless opposed Zionism. From the early 1900s he was concerned with the welfare of U.S. blacks, and in 1917 he established the Julius Rosenwald Fund (to be expended within 25 years after his death and liquidated in 1948), the chief purpose of which was the ...
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