| | - John XI
- pope from 931 to late 935 or early 936.
- John XI Becchus
- Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1275-82) and leading Byzantine proponent of reunion between the Greek and Roman churches. [2 Related Articles]
- John XII
- original name Ottaviano, English Octavian pope from 955 to 964. [6 Related Articles]
- John XIII
- pope from 965 to 972. [1 Related Articles]
- John XIV
- pope from 983 to 984. [1 Related Articles]
- John XIX
- pope from 1024 to 1032. [1 Related Articles]
- John XV (or XVI)
- pope from 985 to 996, who carried out the first solemn canonization in history by papal decree. [1 Related Articles]
- John XVIII (or XIX)
- pope from 1003 to 1009.
- John XXI
- pope from 1276 to 1277, one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. [3 Related Articles]
- John XXII
- second Avignon pope (reigned 1316-34), who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, expanded papal control over the appointment of bishops, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections. [14 Related Articles]
- John XXIII
- one of the most popular popes of all times (reigned 1958-63), who inaugurated a new era in the history of the Roman Catholic church by his openness to change (aggiornamento), shown especially in his convoking of the Second Vatican Council. He wrote several socially important encyclicals (most notably [7 Related Articles]
- John, Acts of
- an apocryphal (noncanonical and unauthentic) Christian writing, composed about AD 180, purporting to be an account of the travels and miracles of St. John the Evangelist. Photius, the 9th-century patriarch of Constantinople, identified the author of the Acts of John as Leucius Charinus, otherwise unknown. The book reflects the heretical ... [2 Related Articles]
- John, Augustus
- Welsh painter who was an accomplished portraitist, muralist, and draughtsman.
- John, Don
- (from the article "Much Ado About Nothing") ...and Hero, who have the usual expectations of each other, and Beatrice and Benedick, who are highly skeptical of romance and courtship and, seemingly, each other. Claudio is deceived by the jealous Don John into believing that Hero is prepared to abandon him for Claudio's friend and mentor, Don Pedro. ...
- John, Errol
- Trinidadian-born actor and playwright who wrote Moon on a Rainbow Shawl (1958), for which he won The Observer's prize for best new playwright in 1957 and a Guggenheim fellowship in 1958.
- John, Gospel According to
- fourth of the four New Testament narratives recounting the life and death of Jesus Christ; John's is the only one of the four not considered among the Synoptic Gospels (i.e., those presenting a common view). Although the Gospel is ostensibly written by John, "the beloved disciple" of Jesus, there has ... [21 Related Articles]
- John, Jeffrey
- (from the article "Religion") ...Otis Charles, the retired Episcopal bishop of Utah, became the world's first bishop to wed a same-sex partner in church when he married Felipe Sanchez Paris in San Francisco in April. The Rev. Jeffrey John, an openly gay priest who had declined an appointment as a bishop in the Church ...
- John, letters of
- three New Testament writings, all composed sometime around AD 100 and traditionally attributed to John the Evangelist, son of Zebedee and disciple of Jesus. The author of the first letter is not identified, but the writer of the second and third calls himself "presbyter" (elder). Though the question of authorship ... [2 Related Articles]
- John, Little Willie
- rhythm-and-blues singer of the 1950s whose vocal style anticipated soul music.
- John, Patrick Roland
- (from the article "Dominica") On Nov. 3, 1978, Dominica achieved full independence, with Patrick Roland John as its first prime minister. John's government was implicated in a rumoured invasion of Barbados that was to have been launched from Dominica. In the ensuing Cabinet crisis Oliver Seraphine emerged as the new prime minister (May 1979).
- John, Sir Elton
- British singer, composer, and pianist who was one of the most popular entertainers of the late 20th century. He fused as many strands of popular music and stylistic showmanship as Elvis Presley in a concert and recording career that included the sale of hundreds of millions of records. [3 Related Articles]
- Johne's disease
- serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Although principally a disease of cattle, it can affect sheep, deer, and goats, and it occurs worldwide. Cows may not show signs of the disease for as long as a year after exposure to it.
- Johnny Clegg and Savuka
- (from the article "South Africa") ...were segregated, although they still collaborated on occasion; a notable example is Johnny Clegg, a white South African who learned traditional Zulu music and formed the mixed-race bands Juluka and Savuka, both of which had international followings. Township music, a lively form of music that flourished in the townships during ...
- johnnycake
- (from the article "cornbread") ...are numerous regional variations of cornbread. The simplest are hoecakes, a mixture of cornmeal, water, and salt, so named because they were originally baked on the flat of a hoe over a wood fire. Johnnycakes and corn pone are somewhat thicker cakes that may have added ingredients such as fat ...
- Johns Hopkins Perceptual Test
- (from the article "intelligence test") ...racial, ethnic, or social groups. Consequently, psychologists have attempted to develop culture-free tests that would more accurately reflect an individual's native ability. One such test, the Johns Hopkins Perceptual Test, developed by Leon Rosenberg in the early 1960s to measure the intelligence of preschool children, has a child try to ...
- Johns Hopkins University
- privately controlled institution of higher learning in Baltimore, Md., U.S. Based on the German university model, which emphasized specialized training and research, it opened primarily as a graduate school for men in 1876 with an endowment from Johns Hopkins, a Baltimore merchant. It also provided undergraduate instruction for men. The ... [8 Related Articles]
- Johns, Hugh
- British television sports commentator was the voice of ITV's Midlands regional association football (soccer) broadcasts in the 1960s and '70s. Between 1963 (when he switched from newspaper journalism to television) and his retirement in 1996, Johns covered an estimated 1,000 football matches, including four World Cup finals.
- Johns, Jasper
- American painter and graphic artist who is generally associated with the Pop art movement. [4 Related Articles]
- Johnson & Johnson
- (from the article "Change in Share Price of Selected U.S. Blue-Chip Stocks") ...the partnership of Seabury & Johnson to manufacture bandages using a new formula employing India rubber. Eleven years later Johnson left that partnership to form the now well-known company of Johnson & Johnson with his brothers James and Edward. The company became known for its high-quality, inexpensive medical supplies and ...
- Johnson Act
- (from the article "Europe, history of") ...Hull was a free-trader, but in July 1933 Roosevelt sent a message to the conference insisting that its main concern must be monetary exchanges, and in January 1934 the United States passed the Johnson Act, forbidding even private loans to countries that had not paid their war debts.precursors of World ...
- Johnson City
- city, seat (1890) of Blanco county, south-central Texas, U.S., 40 miles (64 km) west of Austin. The hometown of President Lyndon B. Johnson, it was founded in 1879 by James Polk Johnson, a forebear of the president. Located in the scenic hills of the Pedernales River valley, it is a ...
- Johnson City
- city, Washington county, northeastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies in a valley in the southern Appalachian Mountains, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Knoxville and just west of Elizabethton. The area was settled in the 1760s. Originally a part of North Carolina, it was included in the Watauga Association, a ...
- Johnson v. California
- (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") The court also addressed two cases of consequence for the civil liberties and civil rights of prisoners. In a 5-3 decision the court ruled in Johnson v. California that the state's policy of temporarily segregating new and transferred inmates by race was inherently suspect and that the deference that was ...
- Johnson v. M'Intosh
- (from the article "Native American") The rulings in question were written by Chief Justice John Marshall. In Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823), the court ruled that European doctrine gave a "discovering" (e.g., colonial) power and its successors the exclusive right to purchase land from aboriginal nations. This ruling removed control of land transactions from the tribes, ...
- Johnson, Albert
- (from the article "theatre") ...carpentry and tasteful furnishings that were tailored to the mood, atmosphere, and mechanical requirements of the individual play. The Urban style in musical comedy design was replaced by that of Albert Johnson-a style characterized by loose colour and calligraphic line that went well with the sharp revues that prevailed until ...
- Johnson, Alexander Bryan
- British-born American philosopher and semanticist who came to the United States as a child of 11 years and made his fortune as a banker in Utica in upstate New York. He also, however, found time to write on a variety of subjects, especially economics, language, and the nature of knowledge.
- Johnson, Alfred
- (from the article "yacht") ...Henrietta, owned by the American newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett, won in 13 days of sailing. The first single-sailor transatlantic voyage was made in a 6-metre boat by Alfred Johnson in 1876 to commemorate the centenary of U.S. independence. The first single-handed race in 1891 was won by the American ...
- Johnson, Amy
- pioneering female aviator who first achieved fame as a result of her attempt to set a record for solo flight from London to Darwin, Australia.
- Johnson, Andrew
- 17th president of the United States (1865-69), who took office upon the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln during the closing months of the American Civil War (1861-65). His lenient Reconstruction policies toward the South embittered the Radical Republicans in Congress and led to his political downfall and to his impeachment, ... [17 Related Articles]
- Johnson, B. S.
- (from the article "novel") ...by a madman; again the old sense of direction (beginning at the beginning and going on to the end) has been liquidated, yet Pale Fire is a true and highly intelligible novel. In England, B.S. Johnson published similar "false-directional" novels, though the influence of Sterne makes them seem accessible, even ...
- Johnson, Ban
- U.S. professional baseball administrator and first president of the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs (1900-27).
- Johnson, Ben
- (from the article "sports") ...put aside the moral outrage that characterizes media coverage of and political commentary on this issue. Media personnel tend to focus on the actions of high-profile stars such as Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson and Irish swimmer Michelle Smith, whose Olympic gold medals were stripped away (Johnson) or sadly tarnished by ...
- Johnson, Benjamin
- ("BEN"), U.S. motion picture actor who worked as a horse wrangler and stuntman before appearing in supporting roles in such films as Shane, One-Eyed Jacks, The Wild Bunch, and The Last Picture Show, for which he won an Academy Award (b. June 13, 1918--d. April 8, 1996). [1 Related Articles]
- Johnson, Bill
- (from the article "Olympic Games") On the slopes the U.S. ski team was especially successful. American Bill Johnson captured the first-ever U.S. gold medal in the downhill event. In the men's slalom twin brothers Phil and Steve Mahre (U.S.) took the gold and silver, respectively. Debbie Armstrong (U.S.) won her first and only international race, ...
- Johnson, Blind Willie
- African-American gospel singer who performed on Southern streets, noted for the energy and power of his singing and for his ingenious guitar accompaniments.
- Johnson, Boris
- American-born British journalist and Conservative Party politician, who in 2008 became the second elected mayor of London. [1 Related Articles]
- Johnson, Brent
- (from the article "Football") ...seven Rogers awards for outstanding performance: slotback Geroy Simon was the Outstanding Player and the Fans' Choice, with league highs of 1,856 yd receiving and 15 touchdown catches; defensive end Brent Johnson was chosen the best defensive player and the top Canadian; left tackle Rob Murphy won the Outstanding Lineman ...
- Johnson, Bunk
- black American jazz trumpeter, one of the first musicians to play jazz and a principal figure of the 1940s traditional jazz revival. [2 Related Articles]
- Johnson, Cassie
- (from the article "Curling") ...Scot., Anette Norberg of Sweden won her first world title after having finished third four times and second once. Norberg went undefeated through the round-robin at 11-0 and beat American Cassie Johnson 10-4 in the final. Norway's Dordi Nordby took the bronze. The rest of the field were, in order, ...
- Johnson, Charles
- (from the article "building construction") ...Aspdin burned limestone and clay together in a kiln; the clay provided silicon compounds, which when combined with water formed stronger bonds than the calcium compounds of limestone. In the 1830s Charles Johnson, another British cement manufacturer, saw the importance of high-temperature burning of the clay and limestone to a ...
- Johnson, Charles R.
- (from the article "African American literature") ...liberate its significance to today's African American struggle began with Ishmael Reed's exuberant Flight to Canada (1976) and extended into the metafiction of philosophical novelist Charles R. Johnson. In Oxherding Tale (1982), Johnson sends his biracial fugitive slave protagonist on a quest for emancipation that he can attain only by ...
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