| | - ironstone china
- type of stoneware introduced in England early in the 19th century by Staffordshire potters who sought to develop a porcelain substitute that could be mass-produced. The result of their experiments was a dense, hard, durable stoneware that came to be known by several names-e.g., semiporcelain, opaque porcelain, English porcelain, stone ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ironstone Plateau
- (from the article "Sudan, The") In the southern Sudan there are two contrasting upland areas. The Ironstone Plateau lies between the Nile-Congo watershed and the southern clay plain; its level country is marked with inselbergs. On the Uganda border there are massive ranges with peaks rising to more than 10,000 feet. The Imatong Mountains contain ...
- Ironstone, Mount
- (from the article "Great Western Tiers") ...They form the northern and eastern border of the Central Plateau. Basaltic in composition, their fault-formed scarps rise to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) near the River Mersey in the northwest; from Mount Ironstone, the highest peak (4,736 feet [1,444 m]), they slope gradually to the south. Their eastern face overlooks ...
- Ironton
- (from the article "Huntington") Huntington is now the centre of a tristate industrial region formed at the junction of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia that includes the cities of Ashland, Kentucky, and Ironton, Ohio. During much of the 20th century it was a significant river and rail point of transfer, but that role has ...
- ironweed
- any of about 500 species of perennial plants constituting the genus Vernonia of the family Asteraceae. Small herbaceous species are distributed throughout the world, while shrubs and trees are native primarily to tropical regions.
- Ironwood
- city, Gogebic county, western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. Ironwood lies along the Montreal River at the Wisconsin border, some 90 miles (145 km) east of Duluth, Minn. It is the retail centre of a bistate urban complex in the Gogebic Range that includes the communities of Wakefield and Bessemer ...
- ironwork
- architectural features of buildings, artwork, utensils, and weapons made of iron. A brief treatment of ironwork follows. For full treatment, see metalwork: Iron. [8 Related Articles]
- irony
- language device, either in spoken or written form in which the real meaning is concealed or contradicted by the literal meanings of the words (verbal irony) or in a situation in which there is an incongruity between what is expected and what occurs (dramatic irony). [8 Related Articles]
- Iroquoian languages
- (from the article "Northeast Indian") European explorers and colonizers of the 16th century noted that the region was occupied by many different groups, each of which was a member of either the Algonquian, Iroquoian, or Siouan language families. As with linguistically related groups elsewhere (e.g., the French, Italian, and Spanish peoples within the Romance language ...
- Iroquois
- any member of the North American Indian tribes speaking a language of the Iroquoian family-notably the Cayuga, Cherokee, Huron, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora, in addition to the Iroquois proper. The name Iroquois is a French derivation of Irinakhoiw, meaning "rattlesnakes," their Algonquian enemy's epithet. They call themselves Hodenosaunee, ... [32 Related Articles]
- Iroquois Confederacy
- confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the ... [18 Related Articles]
- Iroquois Falls
- town, Cochrane district, east-central Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Abitibi River, just west of Lake Abitibi, 190 miles (300 km) north-northwest of North Bay. The town was named for the falls on the river, where, according to Indian legend, Iroquois braves, asleep in their war canoes, were cut loose ...
- Irr I
- (from the article "galaxy") Hubble recognized these two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, ...
- Irr II
- (from the article "galaxy") Hubble recognized these two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, ...
- Irra
- (from the article "Nergal") in Mesopotamian religion, secondary god of the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon. He was identified with Irra, the god of scorched earth and war, and with Meslamtaea, He Who Comes Forth from Meslam. Cuthah (modern Tall Ibrahim) was the chief centre of his cult. In later thought he was a "destroying flame" and ...
- irradiance
- (from the article "light") ...stored in the electric and magnetic fields; as the fields propagate at the speed of light, the energy content is transported. The proper measure of energy transport in an electromagnetic wave is its irradiance, or intensity, which equals the rate at which energy passes a unit area oriented perpendicular to ...
- irrational belief
- (from the article "mental disorder") ...on the premise that maladaptive thinking causes and maintains emotional problems. Maladaptive thinking may refer to a belief that is false and rationally unsupported, what Ellis called an "irrational belief." An example of such a belief is that one must be loved and approved of by everyone in order to ...
- irrational number
- any real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers. For example, there is no number among integers and fractions that equals the square root of 2. A counterpart problem in measurement would be to find the length of the diagonal of a square whose side is ... [13 Related Articles]
- irrationalism
- a 19th- and early 20th-century philosophical trend that claimed to enrich man's apprehension of life by expanding it beyond the rational to its fuller dimensions. Rooted either in metaphysics or in an awareness of the uniqueness of human experience, irrationalism stressed the dimensions of instinct, feeling, and will as over ... [3 Related Articles]
- Irrawaddy River
- principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar's most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Its name is believed to derive from the Sanskrit term airavati, meaning "elephant river." The river flows wholly within the territory ... [10 Related Articles]
- Irredentist
- any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name was derived from the words Italia irredenta ("unredeemed Italy"), and their object was to emancipate the lands of Trentino (south ... [1 Related Articles]
- irreducible hernia
- (from the article "hernia") ...A truss is usually a temporary expedient and is seldom used as a substitute for surgical care. A reducible hernia may increase in size or may form adhesions to other organs or structures, becoming irreducible. A strangulated hernia is one in which the circulation of blood through the hernia is ...
- irreflexive relation
- (from the article "formal logic") ...identical with"). If phi never holds between any object and itself-i.e., if~(∃x)phixx-then phi is said to be irreflexive (example: "is greater than"). If phi is neither reflexive nor irreflexive-i.e., if(∃x)phixx ·...
- irregular cluster
- (from the article "galaxy") Irregular clusters are large, loosely structured assemblages of mixed galaxy types (mostly spirals and ellipticals), totaling perhaps 1,000 or more systems and extending out 10,000,000 to 50,000,000 light-years. The Virgo and Hercules clusters are representative of this class.
- irregular crystal
- (from the article "climate") ...structure. According to a recent internationally accepted classification, there are seven types of snow crystals: plates, stellars, columns, needles, spatial dendrites, capped columns, and irregular crystals. The size and shape of the snow crystals depend mainly on the temperature of their formation and on the amount of water vapour that ...
- irregular galaxy
- (from the article "astronomy") Ellipticals show none of the spiral features but are more densely packed stellar systems. They range in shape from nearly spherical to very flattened and contain little interstellar matter. Irregular galaxies number only a few percent of all stellar systems and exhibit none of the regular features associated with spirals ...
- irregular migration
- (from the article "Social Protection") Irregular migration, human trafficking, and migrant smuggling continued to challenge the ability of countries to regulate the entry and stay of migrants. This was demonstrated most dramatically in October by the highly publicized attempts of several hundred irregular migrants to cross from...
- irregular ode
- a rhymed ode that employs neither the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the two- or four-line stanza that typifies the Horatian ode. It is also characterized by irregularity of verse and stanzaic structure and by lack of correspondence between parts called pseudo-Pindaric ode or Cowleyan ode (after Abraham ...
- Irregulars
- (from the article "Irish Republican Army") ...leadership) supporting the treaty and the other (under Eamon de Valera) opposing it. The former group became the core of the official Irish Free State Army, and the latter group, known as "Irregulars," began to organize armed resistance against the new independent government.
- irreversibility
- (from the article "colloid") Colloids are generally classified into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to reproduce the original components. In a system of this kind, the colloidal material may have a high molecular weight, with ...
- irreversible shock
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") The terms refractory shock and irreversible shock are widely used by physicians and other medical workers to refer to types of shock that present particularly difficult problems. The term refractory shock is applied when, in spite of apparently adequate therapy, the shock state continues. Commonly, the treatment later proves to ...
- irreversible toxic response
- (from the article "poison") Toxic responses differ in their eventual outcomes; the body can recover from some toxic responses, while others are irreversible. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract by inhaled formaldehyde gas, for example, is rapidly reversible in that as soon as the inhalation exposure terminates, the irritation subsides. In contrast, the response ...
- irrigation and drainage
- artificial application of water to land and artificial removal of excess water from land, respectively. Some land requires irrigation or drainage before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production; other land profits from either practice to increase production. Some land, of course, does not need either. Although ... [62 Related Articles]
- irritability
- (from the article "nervous system") ...A change in the environment is the stimulus; the reaction of the organism to it is the response. In single-celled organisms, the response is the result of a property of the cell fluid called irritability. In simple organisms, such as algae, protozoans, and fungi, a response in which the organism ...
- irritable bowel syndrome
- relatively common disorder of the intestines characterized by abdominal pain, intestinal gas, and altered bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or both. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain that is relieved after defecation, mucus in the stools, or a sensation of incomplete rectal evacuation. IBS is caused by a motility disturbance ... [2 Related Articles]
- Irrumporai
- (from the article "India") ...celebrated by the poets of the cankam as the victor in campaigns against the Ceras and the Colas. Cera inscriptions of the 2nd century CE referring to the Irrumporai clan have been found near Karur (Tiruchchirapalli district), identified with the Korura of Ptolemy. Cankam ...
- Irthing
- (from the article "Eden, River") ...limestone hills. Its main tributary, the Eamont, entering near Penrith, collects drainage from the heart of the Lake District, including the discharge from Ullswater. Above Carlisle it receives the Irthing, which collects the drainage from the fells lying north and south of the Tyne gap near the Northumberland border. Carlisle ...
- Irtysh River
- river rising from the glaciers on the southwestern slopes of the Altai Mountains in Sinkiang, China. It flows west across the Chinese border through Lake Zaysan, and then northwest across Kazakhstan to join the Ob River near Khanty-Mansiysk in Russian Siberia. The largest tributary of the Ob, the Irtysh is ... [7 Related Articles]
- Irtysh-Karaganda Canal
- (from the article "Karaganda") ...bred in more arid regions of the west. Dairying, truck gardening, and the cultivation of millet are carried on around Karaganda but must be supported by irrigation, the water being brought by the Irtysh-Karaganda Canal, which also supplies the industry of Karaganda city. Although large-scale industrialization began only about 1930, ...
- Iru
- (from the article "Haya") Two main ethnic elements exist in the population-the pastoral Hima, who are probably descendants of wandering Nilotes, and the more agricultural Iru, descendants of the original Bantu. The Haya were traditionally organized in a series of 130 or so patrilineal clans, each having its own totem. They were formerly divided ...
- Iruma
- city, Saitama ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the Iruma River. The city is located on the Musashino uplands and the southern part of the Kaji hills. Iruma is renowned for the cultivation of Sayama green tea. It is the site of a base of the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force. Iruma ...
- Irun
- city, Guipuzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa River. At Irun the river is bridged to Hendaye, France. Irun is the northern terminus of the Spanish Northern Railway ...
- Irvine
- royal burgh (town), North Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde. The last of Scotland's five "new towns," Irvine was designated in 1966 in an attempt to rehouse population from Glasgow and provide a focus for the economic and industrial rehabilitation of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Irvine
- city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. Adjacent to the city of Santa Ana (northwest), Irvine lies about 40 miles (60 km) southeast of Los Angeles. Originally inhabited by Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians, the area was explored by Gaspar de Portola in 1769. The land that would become the modern city ...
- Irvine v. California
- (from the article "Reed, Stanley F.") ...this case the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination). He voted with the majority in WolfColorado (1949) and IrvineCalifornia (1954), both of which ruled that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible in state courts, and upheld the conviction of (and denial of...
- Irvine, Andrew
- (from the article "Mallory, George") ...to which he gave the famous reply, "Because it's there." The expedition had a difficult time with high winds and deep snows. On June 6 he and a young and less-experienced climber, Andrew Irvine, set off for an attempt on the summit. The two started out from their last camp ...
- Irvine, James
- (from the article "Irvine") ...and San Joaquin (1837) and Lomas de Santiago (1846), both Mexican land grants. By the 1860s much of the land had been acquired by sheep ranchers Benjamin and Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby, and James Irvine (for whom the city is named). By 1876 Irvine had purchased the entire tract of ...
- Irving Colburn machine
- (from the article "industrial glass") Two continuous flat-glass machines were introduced about the turn of the 20th century: the updraw machine, designed by Emile Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the Libbey-Owens Glass Company in Charleston, W.Va., U.S. In the Fourcault process, a one- to two-metre-wide steel mesh bait was introduced ...
- Irving, David
- (from the article "Austria") In February the attention of the world's media was briefly focused on Austria after a Vienna court sentenced British historian David Irving to three years in jail for speeches that he had made in 1989 in which he denied the occurrence of the Holocaust. Austria had some of the toughest ...
- Irving, Edward
- Church of Scotland minister whose teachings became the basis of the religious movement known as Irvingism, later called the Catholic Apostolic Church.
- Irving, John
- American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978; filmed 1982). Characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colourful characterizations, macabre humour, and examination of contemporary issues. [2 Related Articles]
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