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Immigration's Economic Impact: Year in Review 2007 ... improvised explosive device

Immigration's Economic Impact: Year in Review 2007 At the turn of the 21st century, the U.S. was the major immigrant-receiving country in the world, as it had been a century earlier. In 2005 the U.S. population included some 35 million immigrants, who constituted 12.1% of the population, up from 4.7% in 1970. The immigrant proportion of residents ... Immingham dock system 6 miles (10 km) north of Grimsby, unitary authority of North East Lincolnshire, Eng. It was built in 1912 on the southern shore of the Humber Estuary, where the deep water enabled vessels to enter and leave unaided at all levels of the tide. The docks have more ... Immoralist, The novella by Andre Gide, published as L'Immoraliste in 1902, one of the tales Gide called recits. immortality in philosophy and religion, the continuity of human spiritual existence after the death of the body. The concept of immortality is to be distinguished from that of bodily resurrection. immune system the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens). Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired immunity. Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all microorganisms equally, while the specific immune responses ... immune system disorder any of various failures in the body's defense mechanisms against infectious organisms. Disorders of immunity include immune deficiency diseases, such as AIDS, that arise because of a diminution of some aspect of the immune response. Other types of immune disorders, such as allergies and autoimmune disorders, are caused when the ... immunity in law, exemption or freedom from liability. immunization process by which resistance to disease is acquired or induced in plants and animals. This discussion focuses on immunization against infectious diseases in vertebrate animals, specifically humans. immunodeficiency Defect in immunity that impairs the body's ability to resist infection. The immune system may fail to function for many reasons. Immune disorders caused by a genetic defect are usually evident early in life. Others can be acquired at any age through infections (e.g., AIDS) or immunosuppression. Aspects of the ... immunologic blood test any of a group of diagnostic analyses of blood that are capable of detecting abnormalities of the immune system. Immunity to disease depends on the body's ability to produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) when challenged by foreign substances (antigens). Antibodies bind to and help eliminate antigens from the body. The inability of ... immunology the scientific study of the body's resistance to invasion by other organisms (i.e., immunity). In a medical sense, immunology deals with the body's system of defense against disease-causing microorganisms and with disorders in that system's functioning. The artificial induction of immunity against disease has been known in the West at ... immunosuppression Suppression of immunity with drugs, usually to prevent rejection of an organ transplant. Its aim is to allow the recipient to accept the organ permanently with no unpleasant side effects. In some cases the dosage can be reduced or even stopped without causing rejection. Other uses are in the treatment ... Imo state, southern Nigeria. Imo is bordered by the states of Anambra to the north, Abia (until 1991 part of Imo state) to the east, and Rivers to the south and west. The British first entered the territory in 1901, when they established a military post in the region. Imo consists ... Imola town and episcopal see, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy. Imola lies along the Santerno River, southeast of Bologna. Its Forum Cornelii was a station on the Roman road Via Aemilia. The town was devastated in the 6th century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I but was rebuilt and fortified by the ... IMPAC Dublin Literary Award international literary award for fiction established by civic charter in Dublin in 1994 and first awarded in 1996. impact injury the damage caused by the collision of a body with a moving or stationary object. Impact injuries can occur in any accident involving moving vehicles, such as automobiles, motorcycles, and trains, parachute landings, seat ejections, aircraft crashes, rocket accelerations and decelerations, and supersonic windblasts. The extent of injury depends upon ... impact test Test of the ability of a material to withstand impact, used by engineers to predict its behaviour under actual conditions. Many materials fail suddenly under impact, at flaws, cracks, or notches. The most common impact tests use a swinging pendulum to strike a notched bar; heights before and after impact ... impala swift-running antelope, the most abundant ruminant in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa. It is often seen in large breeding herds closely shepherded by a territorial male. The impala can be described as perfection in an antelope; it is both beautiful and athletic-a world-class high jumper. Having no close ... impasto paint that is applied to a canvas or panel in quantities that make it stand out from the surface. Impasto was used frequently to mimic the broken-textured quality of highlights-i.e., the surfaces of objects that are struck by an intense light. Impasto came into its own in the 17th century, ... Impatiens large genus of herbaceous plants, belonging to the balsam family (Balsaminaceae), that are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and North America. Some are regarded as weeds but others are popular garden plants. The name, meaning "impatient," refers to the readiness with which the plants' seeds are dispersed. The ripe seedpod ... impeachment in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted against a public official by a legislative body. In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor and the House of Lords as judge in an impeachment proceeding. In the federal government of the United States the House of Representatives institutes the ... Imperia town, Liguria regione, northwestern Italy. It lies on that part of the Riviera di Ponente known as the Riviera dei Fiori, northeast of San Remo. Formed in 1923 by the union of Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, and several villages, the town took its name from the Torrente Impero ("Impero Stream") that ... Imperial Chemical Industries PLC major British corporation that was founded in 1926 as Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. to amalgamate four major British chemical companies: Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd., Nobel Industries Ltd., United Alkali Company Ltd., and British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd. Between World Wars I and II, ICI was a major competitor of Germany's ... imperial city any of the cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire that were subject only to the authority of the emperor, or German king, on whose demesne (personal estate) the earliest of them originated. The term freie Reichsstadt, or Free Imperial City, was sometimes used interchangeably with Reichsstadt but was ... Imperial College institution of higher learning in London. It is one of the leading research colleges or universities in England. Its main campus is located in South Kensington (in Westminster), and its medical school is linked with several London teaching hospitals. Its three- to five-year courses of study lead to bachelor's, master's, ... Imperial Conferences Periodic meetings held between 1907 and 1937 by the dominions within the British Empire and later the Commonwealth. Convened to discuss mutual defense and economic issues, they passed nonbinding resolutions. However, the Statute of Westminster implemented decisions made at the 1926 and 1930 conferences that described the self-governing dominions (Canada, ... Imperial Crown crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Although made for Otto the Great (912-973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor. imperial preference historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the general level of an established tariff) were granted to one another by constituent units of an empire. Imperial preference could also include other sorts of preference, such as favourable consideration in the allocation of public contracts, indirect subsidies ... Imperial Tobacco Group, PLC one of the world's largest international tobacco companies and the leading British manufacturer of tobacco products, including Player and Embassy cigarettes, Wilson's snuff, several brands of cigars, rolling papers, and tubes. Imperial has also produced and distributed a number of other products, including beer, prepared foods, and packaging. Its products ... Imperial Valley intensively irrigated part of the Colorado Desert, mainly in Imperial county, southern California, U.S. The valley extends southward for 50 miles (80 km) from the southern end of the Salton Sea (a saline lake) into Mexico. Part of a trough stretching from the Coachella Valley to the Gulf of California, ... Imperial War Museum in the United Kingdom, national museum serving as a memorial and record of the wartime efforts and sacrifices of the people of Great Britain and the Commonwealth. Upon its opening in 1920, its focus was on World War I, but its remit has since been extended to include World War ... imperialism state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military force or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term ... imperium (Latin: "command," "empire"), the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority. It was exercised first by the kings of Rome; under the republic (c. 509 BC-27 BC) it was held by the chief magistrates (consuls, dictators, praetors, military tribunes with consular power, and masters ... impetigo inflammatory skin infection that begins as a superficial blister or pustule that then ruptures and gives rise to a weeping spot on which the fluid dries to form a distinct honey-coloured crust. Impetigo is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. It is seldom contagious in adults, a little more so ... Imphal city, capital of Manipur state, northeastern India, lying in the Manipur River valley at an elevation of 2,500 feet (760 metres). Imphal was the seat of the kings of Manipur before the region fell under British rule. In 1944 it was the site of a significant tactical victory for the ... implantation in reproduction physiology, the adherence of a fertilized egg to a surface in the reproductive tract, usually to the uterine wall (see uterus), so that the egg may have a suitable environment for growth and development into a new offspring. Fertilization of the egg usually occurs after the egg has ... implication in logic, a relationship between two propositions in which the second is a logical consequence of the first. In most systems of formal logic, a broader relationship called material implication is employed, which is read "If A, then B," and is denoted by A B or A B. ... import substitution economic policy adopted in most developing countries from the 1930s to the 1980s to promote industrialization by protecting domestic producers from the competition of imports. Protection-in the form of high tariffs or the restriction of imports through quotas-was applied indiscriminately, often to inherently high-cost industries that had no hope of ... Importance of Being Earnest, The play in three acts by Oscar Wilde, performed in 1895 and published in 1899. A satire of Victorian social hypocrisy, the witty play is considered Wilde's greatest dramatic achievement. impotence in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this sense it can apply to women as well as to ... Impressionism a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The most ... Impressionism In music, a style initiated by French composer Claude Debussy at the end of the 19th century. The term, which is somewhat vague in reference to music, was introduced by analogy with contemporaneous French painting; it was disliked by Debussy himself. Elements often termed impressionistic include static harmony, emphasis on ... impressment enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods. Until the early 19th century this practice flourished in port towns throughout the world. Generally impressment could provide effective crews only when patriotism was not an essential of military success. Impressed men were held ... Impresso complex early Neolithic culture that flourished along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. The culture, which had an agricultural economy, is characterized by grit-tempered wares, impressed with shells or with stabbing tools, and represents part of a widely dispersed Mediterranean complex. imprimatur (Latin: "let it be printed"), in the Roman Catholic church, a permission, required by contemporary canon law and granted by a bishop, for the publication of any work on Scripture or, in general, any writing containing something of peculiar significance to religion, theology, or morality. Strictly speaking, the imprimatur is ... imprinting in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object. In nature the object is almost invariably a parent; in experiments, other animals and inanimate objects have ... imprinting process of transferring writing from a master copy to another form. There are three basic methods of imprinting: (1) spirit hectograph master cards, (2) stencil cards, and (3) metal or plastic plates. Hectograph master cards are made with the aid of hectograph carbon, with the imprint transferred by means of ... impromptu a 19th-century piano composition intended to produce the illusion of spontaneous improvisation. In keeping with this fundamental premise, there is no particular form associated with the impromptu, although ternary and rondo schemes are common. The style of the music is similar to that of other compositions of the period, with ... improvisation in music, the extemporaneous composition or free performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features of a specific musical text. Music originated as improvisation and is still extensively improvised in Eastern traditions and in the modern Western tradition ... improvisation in theatre, the playing of dramatic scenes without written dialogue and with minimal or no predetermined dramatic activity. The method has been used for different purposes in theatrical history. improvised explosive device a homemade bomb, constructed from military or nonmilitary components, that is frequently employed by guerrillas, insurgents, and other nonstate actors as a crude but effective weapon against a conventional military force. When used as roadside bombs, IEDs can interdict lines of communication, disrupt traffic, and damage or destroy targeted vehicles. ...