| | - Fototronic-CRT
- (from the article "printing") Fototronic-CRT and APS (Alphanumeric photocomposition system) reduce the amount of coded information by interpreting each letter as a series of closely packed adjacent vertical lines whose distinguishing parameters are their height and their position. Vertical scanning on the screen of the photographic output device reproduces these lines one after another ...
- Foucauld, Charles Eugene, vicomte de
- French soldier, explorer, and ascetic who is best known for his life of study and prayer after 1905 in the Sahara Desert. [2 Related Articles]
- Foucault pendulum
- relatively large mass suspended from a long line mounted so that its perpendicular plane of swing is not confined to a particular direction and, in fact, rotates in relation to the Earth's surface. In 1851 the French physicist Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault assembled in Paris the first pendulums of this type, one ... [2 Related Articles]
- Foucault siderostat
- (from the article "siderostat") ...continuously into a fixed telescope. In the traditional siderostat, the mirror is rotated by a lever arm connected to a motor that turns at a rate of one revolution every 24 hours. This so-called Foucault siderostat provides a fixed but rotating image. In recent years the Foucault siderostat has been ...
- Foucault, Jean
- French physicist who introduced and helped develop a technique of measuring the absolute velocity of light with extreme accuracy. He provided experimental proof that the Earth rotates on its axis. [4 Related Articles]
- Foucault, Michel
- French philosopher and historian, one of the most influential and controversial scholars of the post-World War II period. [5 Related Articles]
- Fouche, Joseph, Duc D'otrante
- French statesman and organizer of the police, whose efficiency and opportunism enabled him to serve every government from 1792 to 1815. [3 Related Articles]
- Foucher, Simon
- ecclesiastic and critical philosopher of the Cartesian school, the first to publish criticisms of the philosophical theories of Nicolas Malebranche. In Critique de la recherche de la verite (1675; "Critique of the Search for Truth"), Foucher reasoned to contradictory conclusions from the suppositions of a philosophical system. Granting with Descartes ... [2 Related Articles]
- fouette en tournant
- (French: "whipped turning"), spectacular turn in ballet, usually performed in series, during which the dancer turns on one foot while making fast outward and inward thrusts of the working leg at each revolution. After a preparatory turn in place on one leg, the dancer bends the knee of the supporting ...
- Fougeres
- industrial town and tourist centre, northwestern France, in Ille-et-Vilaine departement, Bretagne (Brittany) region, northeast of Rennes. Strikingly situated on a ridge dominating the winding valley of the Nancon River, the town, with its fortress, was of great military importance in medieval times. The castle (12th-15th century), at ...
- foul
- (from the article "basketball") Basketball is a rough sport, although it is officially a noncontact game. A player may pass or bounce (dribble) the ball to a position whereby he or a teammate may try for a basket. A foul is committed whenever a player makes such contact with an opponent as to put ...
- foul ball
- (from the article "baseball") ...commonly called a strikeout. A strike occurs when a batter swings at a pitch and misses, when the batter does not swing at a pitched ball that passes through the strike zone, or when the ball is hit foul. A ball hit foul can count as only the first or ...
- foul tip
- (from the article "baseball") A batter is put out if a fielder catches a batted ball before it touches the ground, whether it is a fair ball or foul. A foul tip, a pitched ball that the batter merely flicks slightly with his bat, however, counts only as a strike even if it is ...
- Foula
- one of the Shetland Islands, historic county of Shetland, Scotland, lying in the Atlantic Ocean 16 miles (26 km) southwest of the largest Shetland island, Mainland. Rocky and exposed, Foula has an area of 4 square miles (10 square km). Its cliffs rise to 1,200 feet (400 metres) and are ...
- foulard
- light silk fabric having a distinctive soft finish and a plain or simple twill weave. It is said to come originally from the Far East. In French the word foulard signifies a silk handkerchief.
- Fould, Achille
- influential French statesman during the Second Republic (1848-52) and the Second Empire (1852-70). He combined liberal economic ideas with political flexibility, tempered by a belief in the necessity of repressing radical leftist leaders.
- Foulis, Andrew
- (from the article "Foulis, Robert") In 1738 and 1739 Foulis and his brother Andrew visited France, returning each time with books which they sold at a profit in London. Robert began selling books in Glasgow in 1741 and shortly thereafter set up a press. He was appointed printer to the University of Glasgow in 1743, ...
- Foulis, Robert
- Scottish printer whose work had considerable influence on the bookmakers of his time.
- Foulke, William Parker
- (from the article "Haddonfield") ...Tavern, where the New Jersey Legislature met in 1777 and which was a station of the Underground Railroad for runaway slaves prior to the American Civil War, was made a historic site in 1916. In 1858 William Parker Foulke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia unearthed fossils of ...
- Foumban
- town, northwestern Cameroon, west-central Africa. It lies 140 miles (225 km) north-northwest of Yaounde. It was the historic capital of the Bamum (Mum) kingdom; a palace there dates from the 18th century. Njoya (1889-1933), the most famous of the Bamum kings, established schools, invented a system of pictographic writing, and ...
- found poem
- a poem consisting of words found in a nonpoetic context (such as a product label) and usually broken into lines that convey a verse rhythm. Both the term and the concept are modeled on the objet trouve (French: "found object"), an artifact not created as art or a natural object ...
- foundation
- (from the article "bridge") ...undergoes horizontal compression on the top. At the same time, the bottom of the beam is subjected to horizontal tension. The supports carry the loads from the beam by compression vertically to the foundations.bridgeRailway bridges...spacing of the two chords at ...
- foundation
- (from the article "cosmetic") The classic foundation is vanishing cream, which is essentially an oil-in-water emulsion that contains about 15 percent stearic acid (a solid fatty acid), a small part of which is saponified (converted to a crystalline form) in order to provide the quality of sheen. Such creams leave no oily finish, though ...
- foundation
- (from the article "business organization") ...as American mutual funds; the Massachusetts business trust (now little used but providing a means of limiting the liability of participants in a business activity like the limited partnership); the foundation (fondation, Stiftung), a European organization that has social or charitable objects and often carries on a business whose profits ...
- foundation tone
- (from the article "myth") ...Apollo as part of a bargain. From then on Apollo played the lyre at the banquets of the gods, while the Muses sang to his accompaniment. An ancient Chinese myth tells of the discovery of the "foundation tone," which, in addition to being a musical note of specific pitch, also ...
- foundation wall
- (from the article "building construction") ...are usually made of concrete poured directly on undisturbed soil to a minimum depth of about 30 centimetres (12 inches). If typical continuous concrete footings are used, they usually support a foundation wall that acts either as a retaining wall to form a basement or as a frost wall with ...
- founder principle
- (from the article "heredity") Other cases of sampling error occur when new colonies of plants or animals are founded by small numbers of migrants (founder effect) and when there is radical reduction in population size because of a natural catastrophe (population bottleneck). One inevitable effect of these processes is a reduction in the amount ...
- Founder's Jewel
- (from the article "jewelry") ...which were open in the centre, also were popular. They took many forms, including round, pentagonal, and star-, heart-, or wheel-shaped. One outstanding bejeweled and enameled example-the Founder's Jewel bequeathed by William of Wykeham to New College, University of Oxford, in 1404-is in the shape of the letter M. The ...
- founding
- the process of pouring molten metal into a cavity that has been molded according to a pattern of the desired shape. When the metal solidifies, the result is a casting-a metal object conforming to that shape. A great variety of metal objects are so molded at some point during their ... [4 Related Articles]
- Founding Fathers
- the most prominent statesmen of America's Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful war for colonial independence from Great Britain, the liberal ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government defined in the United States Constitution. While there are no agreed-upon criteria for inclusion, membership in ... [2 Related Articles]
- foundry aluminum alloy
- (from the article "Nominal compositions of aluminum foundry alloys") The Aluminum Association of the United States has established systems for classifying foundry and wrought aluminum alloys. Foundry alloys are identified by four-digit numbers, with the first numeral indicating the major alloying element or group of elements. (Table; sometimes a letter precedes the four digits to identify a variant of ...
- foundry coke
- (from the article "coal utilization") ...the larger pieces may have to be cut. The bulk of oven coke (sized about 40 to 100 millimetres) is used throughout the world in blast furnaces to make iron. Exceptionally large strong coke, known as foundry coke, is used in foundry cupolas to melt iron. Coke in 10- to ...
- Foungouti, Mount
- (from the article "Congo") ...sea to the Mayombe Massif, a low mountain range that parallels the coast. The Mayombe peaks are quite sharp and are separated by deep river gorges. At the southern end of the range, Mount Foungouti attains 3,051 feet (930 metres). The northern peaks are lower; among them, Mount Moguindou rises ...
- fountain
- in landscape architecture, an issue of water controlled or contained primarily for purposes of decoration, especially an artificially produced jet of water or the structure from which it rises. [7 Related Articles]
- fountain pen
- (from the article "pen") The inconvenience of having to continually dip a pen to replenish its ink supply stimulated the development of the fountain pen, a type of pen in which ink is held in a reservoir and passes to the writing point through capillary channels. The first practical version of the fountain pen ...
- Fountains Abbey
- (from the article "Ripon") ...styles from late Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. The city also has a spacious market square and is a local service and tourist centre for Yorkshire Dales National Park. The impressive ruins of Fountains Abbey, a Cistercian monastery, stand 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Ripon. Pop. (2001) 15,922.
- fountaintop
- (from the article "Pennisetum") ...and subtropical areas. Kikuyu grass (P. clandestinum), a perennial sod-forming species, is grown for pasturage in Central America. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum) and fountaintop, or fountain grass (P. setaceum, formerly P. ruppelii), both native to Ethiopia, are cultivated in North America as ornamentals for their arching form and ...
- Fouque, Ferdinand
- (from the article "Michel-Levy, Auguste") ...composition of feldspars; his methods have been applied to other minerals. He formulated the first classification of igneous rocks that considered mineralogy, chemical composition, and texture. With Ferdinand Fouque, Michel-Levy studied and experimented widely in the synthesis of igneous rocks. They showed that the same molten mixture yields rocks of ...
- Fouque, Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte, Baron
- German novelist and playwright remembered chiefly as the author of the popular fairy tale Undine (1811).
- Fouquet, Georges
- (from the article "jewelry") Unlike Lalique, the jewelers Georges Fouquet (1858-1929) and Henri Vever (1854-1942) expressed themselves through more synthetic geometric forms. The pendant representing a butterfly by Fouquet and the bracelet and ring for the actress Sarah Bernhardt (both in the Perinet Collection, Paris) show a carefully thought-out stylization.
- Fouquet, Jean
- preeminent French painter of the 15th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Fouquet, Nicolas
- French finance minister in the early years of the reign of Louis XIV, the last surintendant (as opposed to controleur general), whose career ended with his conviction for embezzlement. [6 Related Articles]
- Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin
- French Revolutionary lawyer who was public prosecutor of the Revolutionary Tribunal during the Reign of Terror.
- Fouquieriaceae
- (from the article "Ericales") Fouquieriaceae, or the ocotillo family, are shrubs that grow in drier parts of western North America. There is a single genus, Fouquieria (including Idria), with 11 species. They are often little-branched shrubs with spirally arranged leaves. Leaves on some shoots are borne close together ...
- Four Aces system
- (from the article "bridge") ...those who had been the principal authorities in auction bridge (the official system), by leading players such as Phillip Hal Sims (the Sims system), and by leading teams such as the Four Aces (the Four Aces system), all during the early 1930s, the Culbertson system was paramount throughout the world ...
- Four Ages
- (from the article "Greek mythology") ...seem to have been open to criticism and alteration on grounds of morality or of misrepresentation of known facts. In the Works and Days, Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages (or Races): Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Iron. "Race" is the more accurate translation, but ...
- Four Articles of Prague
- (from the article "Hussite") ...he died and was succeeded by a bitter enemy of the Hussites, his half brother Sigismund, king of the Romans and of Hungary. The Hussites would have acknowledged Sigismund had he accepted the Four Articles of Prague that Jakoubek had formulated: (1) freedom of preaching; (2) communion in both kinds; ...
- Four Continents Championship
- (from the article "figure skating") The European championships have been held since 1891 and are open to all countries in Europe. In 1948 no such restriction was stated, and two North Americans, American Dick Button and Canadian Barbara Ann Scott, both entered and won the competition as singles skaters. In Olympic years the Olympic team ...
- Four Corners
- (from the article "Utah") ...square miles (219,889 square kilometres) lie in the heart of the West, with Idaho to the north, Wyoming to the northeast, Colorado to the east, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. At Four Corners, in the southeast, Utah meets Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona at right angles, ...
- Four Courts
- (from the article "Dublin") Along the Liffey's northern quays stand James Gandon's Neoclassical masterpieces of the Custom House (1781-91) and the Four Courts (1786-1802). The Custom House was burned out in 1921 by republicans who wished to destroy administrative records; the Four Courts was ruined by shellfire and mines at the outbreak of civil ...
- Four Ends
- (from the article "World War I") ...States. The first nine months of 1918 saw Wilson's famous series of pronouncements on his war aims: the Fourteen Points (January 8), the "Four Principles" (February 11), the "Four Ends" (July 4), and the "Five Particulars" (September 27). Most important, not least because of Germany's deluded reliance on them in ...
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