A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

0-9

Frederick V ... Freedom from Empire: An Assessment of Postcolonial Africa: Year in Review 2011

Frederick V elector Palatine of the Rhine, king of Bohemia (as Frederick I, 1619-20), and director of the Protestant Union. Frederick V king of Denmark and Norway (1746-66) from the death of his father, Christian VI. The reign of this likable but ineffective king was marked by Danish neutrality in the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and a consequent improvement in the nation's foreign trade; by a narrow escape from war with Russia ... Frederick VI king of Denmark from 1808 to 1839 and of Norway from 1808 to 1814. Frederick VII king of Denmark from 1848 who renounced absolute rule and adopted a representative government. Frederick VIII king of Denmark in 1906-12. Frederick William elector of Brandenburg (1640-88), who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the devastations of the Thirty Years' War-centralizing the political administration, reorganizing the state finances, rebuilding towns and cities, developing a strong army, and acquiring clear sovereignty over ducal Prussia. All these measures contributed to the foundation of the future Prussian ... Frederick William elector of Hesse-Kassel from 1847 after 16 years' co-regency with his father; he was noted for his reactionary stand against liberalizing trends manifested during the revolutionary events of 1848. In 1850 he re-instated an unpopular adviser, Hans Daniel Hassenpflug, who called on the German Confederation to restore by force the ... Frederick William I second Prussian king who transformed his country from a second-rate power into the efficient and prosperous state that his son and successor, Frederick II the Great, made a major military power on the Continent. Frederick William II king of Prussia from August 17, 1786, under whom, despite his lack of exceptional military and political gifts, Prussia achieved considerable expansion. Frederick William III king of Prussia from 1797, the son of Frederick William II. Neglected by his father, he never mastered his resultant inferiority complex, but the influence of his wife, Louisa of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he married in 1793, occasionally moved him outside his essentially pedestrian character. Frederick William IV king of Prussia from 1840 until 1861, whose conservative policies helped spark the Revolution of 1848. In the aftermath of the failed revolution, Frederick William followed a reactionary course. In 1857 he was incapacitated by a stroke, and his brother, the future William I, became regent (1858-61). Frederick, Pauline pioneer American female television news correspondent. Fredericksburg city, administratively independent of, but located in, Spotsylvania county, northeastern Virginia, U.S., at the head of navigation of the Rappahannock River. The site, settled in 1671, was laid out in 1727 and named for Prince Frederick Louis, father of King George III of England. It developed as a port with ... Fredericksburg, Battle of (December 13, 1862), bloody engagement of the American Civil War fought at Fredericksburg, Virginia; its outcome-a crushing Union defeat-immeasurably strengthened the Confederate cause. General A.E. Burnside, newly appointed commander of the Northern forces, planned to cross the Rappahannock River with an army of more than 120,000 troops and advance on ... Fredericton city, capital (since 1785) of New Brunswick, Canada, lying on the St. John River 84 miles (135 km) from its mouth, in the south-central part of the province. Occupying the site of the French Fort Nashwaak (1692) and the Acadian settlement of St. Anne's Point (1731), it was laid out ... Frederiksberg independent municipality in Greater Copenhagen, eastern Denmark. It was founded in 1651 by Frederick III as a settlement for Dutch peasants brought to nearby Amager Island. Chartered in 1857, it became encircled by Copenhagen early in the 20th century. It is the site of the Copenhagen Zoo, the Royal Veterinary ... Frederikshavn city and port, northern Jutland, Denmark, on the Kattegat (strait), east of Hjorring. A fishing village in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was fortified (Fladstrand Citadel) in the late 17th century to secure the route to Norway. The name was changed to Frederikshavn when it was chartered (1818). Ferry ... Frederiksted town on the west coast of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, 17 miles (27 km) southwest of Christiansted. Historically, the town was a mercantile centre for the sugar-based economy of St. Croix because of its deep-sea port and warehouse facilities. Innovations in cargo handling, the termination of the sugar industry, ... Fredholm, Ivar Swedish mathematician who founded modern integral equation theory. Fredonia village in the town (township) of Pomfret, Chautauqua county, western New York, U.S. It lies on Canadaway Creek, near Lake Erie, immediately south of Dunkirk. Settled in 1804, its pseudo-Latin name-coined about 1800 by physician and politician Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill and meaning "place of freedom"-was originally proposed as the ... Fredriksson, Gert Swedish kayaker, who dominated the sport between 1948 and 1960, winning seven world championships in kayaking events and eight Olympic medals, including six gold. Fredrikstad town, south of Oslo, southeastern Norway. Located on the eastern shore of Oslo Fjord at the mouth of the Glomma (Glama) River, it was founded in 1567 by Frederick II as a fortress town and has remains of the original fortifications. Fredrikstad's excellent harbour, protected by the island of Krakeroy, ... Fredro, Aleksander a major Polish playwright, poet, and author of memoirs whose work is remarkable for its brilliant characterization, ingenious construction, and skillful handling of verse metres. free church generally, any Protestant religious body that exists in or originates in a land having a state church but that is itself free of governmental or external ecclesiastical control. Examples of such free churches are the Baptists in Scotland, where the established church is Presbyterian; the Presbyterians in England, where the ... Free Church Federal Council organization of free churches (not part of the Church of England) of England and Wales, including Methodist, Baptist, the United Reformed Church in England and Wales (a Presbyterian-Congregational merger), and some other churches. It was formed in 1940 by the union of the National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches ... Free Church of Scotland church organized in 1843 by dissenting members of the Church of Scotland. The disruption was the result of tensions that had existed within the Church of Scotland, primarily because of the development early in the 18th century of two groups within the church-the Moderates, who were primarily interested in social ... Free Democratic Party centrist German political party that advocates individualism, capitalism, and social reform. Although it has captured only a small percentage of the votes in national elections, its support has been pivotal for much of the post-World War II period in making or breaking governments, by forming coalitions with or withdrawing support ... free energy in thermodynamics, energy-like property or state function of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Free energy has the dimensions of energy, and its value is determined by the state of the system and not by its history. Free energy is used to determine how systems change and how much work they ... Free French in World War II (1939-45), members of a movement for the continuation of warfare against Germany after the military collapse of Metropolitan France in the summer of 1940. Led by General Charles de Gaulle, the Free French were eventually able to unify most French resistance forces in their struggle against ... free jazz an approach to jazz improvisation that emerged during the late 1950s, reached its height in the '60s, and remained a major development in jazz thereafter. Free Methodist Church of North America Holiness church in the Arminian-Wesleyan tradition that emphasizes the doctrine of sanctification, a postconversion process of spiritual and moral growth through prayer, Bible study, interaction with fellow believers, and simplicity of worship and lifestyle. The church was organized in 1860 by the Reverend B.T. Roberts and several associates after they ... free school school in which the teaching system is based on an environment structured to encourage the child to become actively involved in the learning process. The free school stresses individualized rather than group instruction, and children proceed from one step to another at their own rate of development. The school day ... Free Silver Movement in late 19th-century American history, advocacy of unlimited coinage of silver. The movement was precipitated by an act of Congress in 1873 that omitted the silver dollar from the list of authorized coins (the "Crime of '73"). Supporters of free silver included owners of silver mines in the West, farmers ... Free Software Foundation nonprofit corporation formed in 1985 by American computer programmer Richard Stallman in order to promote open-source software-that is, free computer programs that can be freely modified and shared. The foundation is headquartered in Boston, Mass. Free State province, east-central Republic of South Africa. Under the name Orange Free State, it was originally a Boer state and then (from 1910) one of the traditional provinces of South Africa; it was renamed Free State in 1995. Free State is bordered on the north by North West, Gauteng, and Mpumalanga ... free trade a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). A free-trade policy does not necessarily imply, however, that a country abandons all control and taxation of imports and exports. free verse poetry organized to the cadences of speech and image patterns rather than according to a regular metrical scheme. It is "free" only in a relative sense. It does not have the steady, abstract rhythm of traditional poetry; its rhythms are based on patterned elements such as sounds, words, phrases, sentences, ... free will in humans, the power or capacity to choose among alternatives or to act in certain situations independently of natural, social, or divine restraints. Free will is denied by some proponents of determinism. Arguments for free will are based on the subjective experience of freedom, on sentiments of guilt, on revealed ... free-electron model of metals in solid-state physics, representation of a metallic solid as a container filled with a gas composed of free electrons (i.e., those responsible for high electrical and thermal conductivity). The free electrons, considered identical to the outermost, or valence, electrons of free metal atoms, are presumed to be moving independently of ... free-fall in mechanics, state of a body that moves freely in any manner in the presence of gravity. The planets, for example, are in free-fall in the gravitational field of the Sun. Newton's laws show that a body in free-fall follows an orbit such that the sum of the gravitational and ... Free-Soil Party (1848-54), minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories. Fearful of expanding slave power within the national government, Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in 1846 introduced into Congress his famous Wilmot Proviso, calling for the ... free-tailed bat any of 100 species of bats, so called for the way in which part of the tail extends somewhat beyond the membrane connecting the hind legs. Some free-tailed bats are also known as mastiff bats because their faces bear a superficial resemblance to those dogs. free-trade zone an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported without the intervention of the customs authorities. Only when the goods are moved to consumers within the country in which the zone is located do they become subject to the prevailing customs duties. Free-trade zones are ... freeboard distance from the waterline to the freeboard deck of a fully loaded ship; it is measured amidships at the side of the hull. The freeboard deck is the deck below which all bulkheads are made watertight; above it that precaution is not necessary. Freeboard represents the safety margin showing to ... Freed, Arthur American film producer who reshaped the visual style and narrative structure of the musical comedy genre. Freed, Leonard American photojournalist who was known for his gripping magazine photo-essays, especially those that documented the lives of African Americans and the injustices they suffered. freedman former slave set free. In ancient Athens, former slaves bore no stigma, and some rose to positions of political or economic power. During the later Hellenistic period, however, some Greek communities passed laws providing separate regulations and restrictions for former slaves. To the Greeks citizenship was a hereditary privilege and ... Freedman, Maurice British scholar who was one of the world's leading experts on Chinese anthropology. Freedman, Michael Hartley American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1986 for his solution of the Poincare conjecture in four dimensions. Freedmen's Bureau (1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed black Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom. Headed by Major General Oliver O. Howard, the ... Freedom from Empire: An Assessment of Postcolonial Africa: Year in Review 2011