| | - Fresne, Marion du
- (from the article "Prince Edward Island") ...miles (1,900 km) southeast of Cape Town and 12 miles (19 km) north-northeast of Marion Island and covers an area of 18 square miles (47 square km). Discovered in January 1772 by the French explorer Marion du Fresne, the island was given its present name by the British navigator James ...
- Fresnel lens
- succession of concentric rings, each consisting of an element of a simple lens, assembled in proper relationship on a flat surface to provide a short focal length (see ). The Fresnel lens is used particularly in lighthouses and searchlights to concentrate the light into a relatively narrow beam. It would ... [3 Related Articles]
- Fresnel screen
- (from the article "photography, technology of") The focusing screen is often overlaid by a pattern of fine concentric lens sections. Called a Fresnel screen, it redirects the light from the screen corners toward the observer's eye and makes the image evenly bright.
- Fresnel, Augustin-Jean
- French physicist who pioneered in optics and did much to establish the wave theory of light advanced by Thomas Young. [7 Related Articles]
- Fresnillo
- city, central Zacatecas estado (state), north central Mexico. It lies on an interior plateau more than 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above sea level and northwest of Zacatecas city, the state capital. It was founded in 1554 and has been an important silver-mining centre since 1569. Limited quantities of gold, copper, ...
- Fresno
- city, seat (1874) of Fresno county, central California, U.S. The town site-located in the San Joaquin Valley, about 190 miles (305 km) southeast of San Francisco-was settled in 1872 as a station on the Central (later Southern) Pacific Railroad. After the introduction of irrigation in the 1880s, Fresno (Spanish: "Ash ...
- fret
- in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles to each other in T, L, or square-cornered G shapes, so arranged that the spaces between the lines or bands ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freteval, battle of
- (from the article "France") ...registers before being sent out, and lists of churches, vassals, and towns were drawn up to inform the king of his military and fiscal rights. These lists replaced others lost on the battlefield of Freteval (1194), a disaster that may have hastened the adoption of a new form of fiscal ...
- fretsaw
- (from the article "hand tool") The fretsaw was a mid-16th century invention that resulted from innovations in spring-driven clocks. It consisted of a U-shaped metal frame, on which was stretched a narrow blade made from a clock spring, the best and most uniform steel available, for it was not forged but rolled in small, hand-powered ...
- fretted terrain
- (from the article "Mars") ...most intensely eroded areas on Mars occur along the boundary. Landforms there include outflow channels, areas of collapse called chaotic terrain, and an enigmatic mix of valleys and ridges known as fretted terrain. Straddling the two hemispheres on one side of the planet is the Tharsis rise, a vast volcanic ...
- fretting
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...as the guitar and the Greek laghouta (a type of lute), for example-operate according to a combination of ear and rule of thumb when they insert frets (note-position markers-e.g., of gut or wire) in the fingerboard. Such instruments are fretted according to the "rule of the eighteenth," ...
- Fretwell, Elizabeth
- Australian soprano (b. Aug. 13, 1920, Melbourne, Australia-d. June 5, 2006, Sydney, Australia), rose to international prominence as a principal singer (1955-65) with Sadler's Wells Opera (later the English National Opera). Her rich vocals and solid professionalism in most of the major roles of the soprano repertoire established her as ...
- Freud, Anna
- Austrian-born British founder of child psychoanalysis and one of its foremost practitioners. She also made fundamental contributions to understanding how the ego, or consciousness, functions in averting painful ideas, impulses, and feelings. [1 Related Articles]
- Freud, Lucian
- British artist known for his work in portraiture and the nude. Sometimes called a realist, he painted in a highly individual style, which in his later years was characterized by impasto. [1 Related Articles]
- Freud, Sigmund
- Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis. [69 Related Articles]
- Freudenstadt
- city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies in the Black Forest, about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Stuttgart. Founded in 1599 as a refuge for Protestants from Salzburg, Freudenstadt ("Town of Joy") was severely damaged by fire during World War II. The central city, including ...
- Freudenthal, Axel Olof
- philologist, Swedish nationalist, and the leading ideologist for the nationalist movement of Finland's Swedish minority in the 19th century.
- Freudian criticism
- literary criticism that uses the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud to interpret a work in terms of the known psychological conflicts of its author or, conversely, to construct the author's psychic life from unconscious revelations in his work. [2 Related Articles]
- Freudian School of Paris
- (from the article "Irigaray, Luce") Irigaray was a member of the Freudian School of Paris, founded by Jacques Lacan, and taught at the University of Paris VIII-Vincennes from 1968 until she was dismissed in 1974 because of her doctoral thesis. Entitled Speculum de l'autre femme (Speculum of the Other Woman), it argues that history and ...
- Freudian slip
- (from the article "Freud, Sigmund") ...des Alltagslebens (The Psychopathology of Everyday Life), in which he explored such seemingly insignificant errors as slips of the tongue or pen (later colloquially called Freudian slips), misreadings, or forgetting of names. These errors Freud understood to have symptomatic and thus interpretable importance. But unlike dreams they need not betray ...
- Freund, Gisele
- German-born French photographer (b. Dec. 19, 1908?, Berlin, Ger.-d. March 31, 2000, Paris, France), was noted especially for her portraits of the cultural elite of France and for her service as Francois Mitterrand's official photographer following his election (1981) as president of France. Unlike the prevailing photographers of the time, ...
- Freund, Karl
- (from the article "Murnau, F.W.") ...hotel corridors and played an integral role in the film by recording people and incidents through a limited point of view. Bound by the technical restrictions of the time, the noted cinematographer Karl Freund employed such ingenious techniques as cameras mounted on bicycles and overhead wires to create a whirlwind ...
- Frey, Adolf
- Swiss novelist, poet, and literary historian whose most lasting achievements are his biographies of Swiss writers and his Swiss-German dialect poetry. [1 Related Articles]
- Frey, Gerhard
- (from the article "mathematics") Meanwhile, Gerhard Frey of Germany had pointed out that, if Fermat's last theorem is false, so that there are integers u, v, w such that up + vp = wp (p greater than 5), then for these values of u, v, and p the curve...
- Frey, Glenn
- (from the article "Eagles, the") ...members were Don Henley (b. July 22, 1947Gilmer, Texas, U.S.), Glenn Frey (b. November 6, 1948Detroit, Michigan), Bernie Leadon...
- Frey, James
- (from the article "Literature") ...turned out to be a scandal-ridden one. Television personality Oprah Winfrey, who often featured writers on her talk show, suffered a certain loss of face and credibility when best-selling writer James Frey, author of A Million Little Pieces (2003), was revealed as a fraud for having passed off as a ...
- Frey, Roger
- French politician (b. June 11, 1913, Noumea, New Caledonia--d. Sept. 13, 1997, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), was a close adviser to French president Charles de Gaulle and a leading figure in the Algerian independence crisis of the early 1960s. Frey, a native of the French Pacific territory of New Caledonia, joined with ...
- Frey-Wyssling, Albert F.
- Swiss botanist and pioneer of submicroscopic morphology, who helped to initiate the study later known as molecular biology.
- Freyberg, Bernard Cyril Freyberg, 1st Baron
- commander in chief of the New Zealand forces in World War II and governor-general of New Zealand from 1946 to 1952. [1 Related Articles]
- Freycinet Peninsula
- peninsula extending south into the Tasman Sea from east-central Tasmania, Australia. Measuring about 14 miles (23 km) by 4 miles (6.5 km), with an area of 25 square miles (65 square km), it rises to a high point at Mount Freycinet (2,011 feet [613 m]). The peninsula is joined to ...
- Freycinet Plan
- (from the article "Freycinet, Charles-Louis de Saulces de") Freycinet was elected to the Senate in 1876. Joining Jules Dufaure's government as minister of public works the next year, he directed a policy-often called the Freycinet Plan-whereby the government purchased railroads and built extensive new railways and waterways. In December 1879 he became premier for the first of four ...
- Freycinet, Charles-Louis de Saulces de
- French political figure who served in 12 different governments, including four terms as premier; he was primarily responsible for important military reforms instituted in the last decade of the 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Freycinet, Louis-Claude de Saulces de
- French naval officer and cartographer who explored portions of Australia and islands in the Pacific Ocean.
- Freycinetia
- (from the article "Pandanales") The four genera of the family Pandanaceae-Pandanus (screw pine), Freycinetia, Sararanga, and Martellidendron-are distributed in coastal or marshy areas in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (Paleotropics). They are abundant in the Malay Archipelago, Melanesia, and Madagascar and have a few species in Hawaii, New Zealand, southern China, ...
- Freydis
- (from the article "Vinland") ...three years, the colonists' trade with the local Native Americans (First Nations) had turned to warfare, and so the colonists gave up and returned to Greenland. About 1013 Erik the Red's daughter Freydis led an unsuccessful expedition to Vinland and soon afterward returned to Greenland. So ended the Norse visits ...
- Freyja
- (Old Norse: "Lady"), most renowned of the Norse goddesses, who was the sister and female counterpart of Freyr and was in charge of love, fertility, battle, and death. Her father was Njord, the sea god. Pigs were sacred to her, and she rode a boar with golden bristles. A chariot ... [5 Related Articles]
- Freyr
- in Norse mythology, the ruler of peace and fertility, rain, and sunshine and the son of the sea god Njord. Although originally one of the Vanir tribe, he was included with the Aesir. Gerd, daughter of the giant Gymir, was his wife. Worshiped especially in Sweden, he was also well-known ... [4 Related Articles]
- Freyre, Gilberto de Mello
- sociologist, considered the 20th-century pioneer in the sociology of the Brazilian northeast. [2 Related Articles]
- Freyssinet, Eugene
- French civil engineer who successfully developed pre-stressed concrete-i.e., concrete beams or girders in which steel wire is embedded under tension, greatly strengthening the concrete member. [3 Related Articles]
- Freytag, Gustav
- German writer of realistic novels celebrating the merits of the middle classes.
- Fria
- town, western Guinea, West Africa, near the Amaria Dam on the Konkoure River. The Fria Company's bauxite-reducing factory at nearby Kimbo was one of Africa's first alumina-processing plants and is Guinea's largest industrial enterprise. Bauxite deposits were discovered in 1954, and alumina was first exported in 1960 via rail to ...
- friagem
- (from the article "Gran Chaco") ...called pamperos in Argentina, bring thunderstorms and strong gusty winds that occasionally exceed 60 miles per hour. These air masses move northward into the Amazon basin (where they are called friagems). The windiest season, however, is spring, during the transition from warm to hot weather. Dust storms may occur in ...
- friar
- (from Latin frater through French frere, "brother"), one belonging to a Roman Catholic religious order of mendicants. Formerly, friar was the title given to individual members of these orders, as Friar Laurence (in Romeo and Juliet), but this is no longer common. The 10 mendicant orders are the Dominicans, Franciscans, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Friar Lands Question
- problem confronting the U.S. government after the takeover of the Philippines from Spain in 1898, concerning the disposition of large landed estates owned by Spanish monastic orders on the islands.
- Friar Laurence
- a well-intentioned but foolish Franciscan priest in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. [1 Related Articles]
- Friars Minor
- (from the article "Franciscan") ...of three orders. The First Order comprises priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance. This First Order is divided into three independent branches: the Friars Minor (O.F.M.), the Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.), and the Friars Minor Capuchin (O.F.M. Cap.). The ...
- Friars Minor Conventual
- (from the article "Roman Catholicism") ...were divided between those who stood for the absolute poverty prescribed by the rule and testament of St. Francis (the Spirituals) and those who accepted papal relaxation and exemptions (the Conventuals)-were an open sore for 60 years, vexing the papacy and infecting the whole church. New expressions of lay piety ...
- Friars Minor of the Observance
- (from the article "Franciscan") ...several attempts were made to reconcile them with the Conventuals, the outcome was in fact a complete separation in 1517, when all the reform communities were united in one order with the name Friars Minor of the Observance, and this order was granted a completely independent and autonomous existence. It ...
- Frias de Oliveira, Octavio
- Brazilian publishing magnate established (1962) Folha de Sao Paulo, which became the largest newspaper in Brazil, and was instrumental in introducing several technological advances in the country's media, including the publication of his newspaper on the Internet and the large-scale use in 1967 of colour offset printing. Frias, who ...
- Fribourg
- canton, western Switzerland, bounded by Lake Neuchatel and the cantons of Vaud on the west and south and Bern on the east, with enclaves within Vaud. It lies in an elevated plain (Swiss Plateau) and rises from flat land in the west through a hilly region up to the PreAlps ... [1 Related Articles]
- Fribourg
- capital of Fribourg canton, Switzerland. It is located on a loop in the Sarine (Saane) River southwest of Bern. Founded in 1157 by Berthold IV, duke of Zahringen, to control a ford across the river, it passed to the sons of Rudolf of Habsburg in 1277. The Habsburgs abandoned it ... [3 Related Articles]
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