| | - Borujerd
- chief town, Borujerd shahrestan (county), Lorestan ostan (province), western Iran. Borujerd is situated 5,500 feet (1,700 metres) above sea level, below high mountains, in a wide, fertile valley. It is a flourishing regional centre on the main highway from the Persian Gulf and Khuzestan to Tehran; it is connected by ...
- Borumba Dam
- (from the article "Gympie") ...word for the stinging tree. Proclaimed a town in 1890, it was made a city in 1905. In addition to gold, which was mined until 1930, limestone and silver have been worked in the locality. The Borumba Dam (completed 1964), on Yabba Creek, mitigates floods and impounds water for irrigating ...
- Borussia Dortmund
- (from the article "Football") ...$1.4 billion). It was not an entirely popular move among many fans, and a minor breakaway club, to be called FC United, was formed in protest. At the other end of the financial spectrum, Germany's Borussia Dortmund had a debt of euro135 million (about $160 million), but a restructuring saved ...
- boryokudan
- (Japanese: "tough gang"), any of various Japanese criminal gangs of centuries-long tradition, which combined in the 20th century into Mafia-like organizations. Members, often called yakuza ("good-for-nothing"), or gyangu ("gangster"), adopt samurai-like rituals and often bear elaborate body tattoos. They engage in extortion, blackmail, smuggling, prostitution, drugs, gambling, loan sharking, day-labour ...
- Borys, Andzelika
- (from the article "Belarus") Relations with Poland featured large in Belarus in 2005. In March Tadeusz Kruczkowski, the leader of the Belarusian Union of Poles (BUP), was replaced by Andzelika Borys. The Ministry of Justice overturned the action in May, against the wishes of the country's 400,000-strong Polish minority. In mid-July Belarus and Poland ...
- Boryspil Airport
- (from the article "Kiev") ...Kharkiv and the Donets Basin, to southern Ukraine and the port of Odessa, and to western Ukraine and Poland. The navigability of the Dnieper has been improved by a series of barrages and reservoirs. Boryspil airport operates direct flights to many Ukrainian towns and international service to major cities throughout ...
- Borzage, Frank
- American motion-picture director and producer noted for his romantic transcendentalism and luminous filmmaking. [2 Related Articles]
- borzoi
- breed of hound dog developed in Russia to pursue wolves. It is descended from the Arabian greyhound and a collielike Russian sheepdog. The borzoi-formerly known as the Russian wolfhound-is a graceful, strong, and swift dog. Males stand at least 28 inches (71 cm) and females 26 inches (66 cm); weights ...
- Borzov, Valery
- Soviet athlete who won five Olympic medals, including two gold medals. A master of all aspects of running, with a strong, smooth style, Borzov was the greatest Soviet sprinter. [1 Related Articles]
- Bos indicus
- (from the article "cattle") All modern domestic cattle are believed to belong to the species Bos taurus (European breeds such as Shorthorn and Jersey) or Bos indicus (zebu breeds such as Brahman) or to be crosses of these two (such as Santa Gertrudis). Many contemporary breeds are of recent origin. The definition of a ...
- Bosanquet, B. J. T.
- (from the article "cricket") ...off to leg (into the batsman), and the "away swinger," or "outswinger," which swerves from leg to off (away from the batsman). A "googly" (coined by cricketer B.J.T. Bosanquet on the 1903-04 MCC tour) is a ball bowled with fingerspin that breaks unexpectedly in the opposite direction from that anticipated ...
- Bosanquet, Bernard
- philosopher who helped revive in England the idealism of G.W.F. Hegel and sought to apply its principles to social and political problems. [4 Related Articles]
- Bosboom-Toussaint, Anna
- (from the article "Dutch literature") ...critical standards in De gids ("The Guide"), known as the "Blue Butcher" because of its merciless treatment of complacency. Potgieter defined the historical novel, and Anna Bosboom-Toussaint put his ideas into effect, transposing the universal Christian idealism of Drost to the national Protestant faith of the Golden Age. Bosboom-Toussaint's best ...
- boscage
- (from the article "allee") The allee normally passed through a planted boscage (a small wood); in the 17th century the boscage was square-trimmed at the sides and on top; later the sides were trained so high that the free-branching trees within the wood were invisible. As architectural gardening became unfashionable in the 18th century, ...
- Boscan, Juan
- Catalan poet who wrote exclusively in Castilian and adapted the Italian hendecasyllable to that language. [3 Related Articles]
- Boscawen, Edward
- British admiral who played a distinguished part in the Seven Years' War.
- Bosch GmbH
- German company that is Europe's largest auto-parts manufacturer and one of the world's leading makers of auto ignition, fuel injection, and antilock braking systems. The company also produces industrial hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, telecommunications equipment and systems, power tools, household appliances, radios, television sets, and audio-visual equipment. Its headquarters are ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bosch, Carl
- German industrial chemist who developed the Haber-Bosch process for high-pressure synthesis of ammonia and received, with Friedrich Bergius, the 1931 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for devising chemical high-pressure methods. [3 Related Articles]
- Bosch, Hieronymus
- brilliant and original northern European painter of the late Middle Ages whose work reveals an unusual iconography of a complex and individual style. Although at first recognized as a highly imaginative "creator of devils" and a powerful inventor of seeming nonsense full of satirical meaning, Bosch demonstrated insight into the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Bosch, Johannes, graaf van den
- (count of) statesman who expanded the poor-relief system and instituted the paternalistic Dutch East Indies Culture System, by which vast riches in export crops were extracted from 1830 to about 1860. [1 Related Articles]
- Bosch, Juan
- Dominican writer, scholar, and politician elected president of the Dominican Republic in 1962 but deposed less than a year later. [5 Related Articles]
- Bosch, Robert
- German engineer and industrialist who was responsible for the invention of the spark plug and magneto for automobiles and whose firm produced a wide range of precision machines and electrical equipment in plants throughout the world. [1 Related Articles]
- Boschini, Marco
- (from the article "art criticism") ...aesthetic, appears in Freart de Cambray's treatise in 1662 against wanton painting, by which he meant painting that exhibits exciting colour but that lacks geometry. In contrast, the Venetian Marco Boschini, in La carta del navegar pitoresco (1660; "Map of the Picturesque Journey") and Le ricche minere della pittura veneziana ...
- Boschniakia
- (from the article "broomrape") any member of about 150 species of the genus Orobanche and its family (Orobanchaceae, order Lamiales), which contains 99 genera (including Boschniakia) and about 2,000 species in all. All are parasitic herbs, with little green tissue (i.e., they have little chlorophyll and do not produce their food photosynthetically to any ...
- Boschniakia rossica
- (from the article "Lamiales") ...produce several to many seeds per fruit, a few produce only one (ashes, some species of Globularia). Perhaps the record for seed production in the order goes to a member of Orobanchaceae, Boschniakia rossica, a small parasitic plant that produces more than a quarter of a million seeds. The size ...
- Bosco, Henri
- (from the article "children's literature") ...1958), a kind of children's Candide, demonstrated how the moral tale, given sufficient sensitivity and humour, can be transmuted into art. Perhaps the most original temperament was that of Henri Bosco, author of four eerie, haunting Provencal novels about the boy Pascalet and his strange involvements with a gypsy companion, ...
- Bosco, Saint John
- pioneer in educating the poor and founder of the Salesian Order. [1 Related Articles]
- Boscoreale
- (from the article "metalwork") ...Roman silverware has been abundantly preserved. Many rich hoards in modern collections were buried by design during the calamitous last centuries of the ancient world; and the most sumptuous, the Boscoreale treasure (mostly in the Louvre), was accidentally saved by the same volcanic catastrophe that destroyed Herculaneum and killed Pliny ...
- Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe
- astronomer and mathematician who gave the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. [2 Related Articles]
- Bose Levu Vakaturaga
- (from the article "Fiji") ...revised constitution eliminated the requirement that the prime minister be Fijian, though it provided that the holder of that office be appointed by the president, who in turn was appointed by the Bose Levu Vakaturaga (Great Council of Chiefs), a body composed of the hereditary leaders of the 70 major ...
- Bose, Ananda Mohan
- (from the article "Indian Association") ...local self-government and served as a preparatory agent for the more truly national Indian National Congress. The association was founded in Bengal in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose; it soon displaced the Indian League, which had been founded the year before, and rivaled the long-standing British Indian ...
- Bose, Buddhadeva
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...powerful but stand somewhat apart from the mainstream. One of these was Sudhindranath Datta, a poet much like Pound in careful and etymological use of language; another is the poet and prose writer Buddhadeva Bose.
- Bose, Satyendra Nath
- Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation (see Bose-Einstein statistics). [3 Related Articles]
- Bose, Sir Jagadis Chandra
- Indian plant physiologist and physicist whose invention of highly sensitive instruments for the detection of minute responses by living organisms to external stimuli enabled him to anticipate the parallelism between animal and plant tissues noted by later biophysicists. Bose's experiments on the quasi-optical properties of very short radio waves (1895) ...
- Bose, Subhas Chandra
- Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national force against the Western powers during World War II. [3 Related Articles]
- Bose-Einstein condensate
- a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15 °C, or − 459.67 °F; K = kelvin), coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entity-that is, one that can be described by a wave function-on a near-macroscopic scale. This form ... [10 Related Articles]
- Bose-Einstein statistics
- one of two possible ways in which a collection of indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states. The aggregation of particles in the same state, which is characteristic of particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics, accounts for the cohesive streaming of laser light and the frictionless creeping of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Boselager, Count Philipp von
- German army officer provided the plastic explosives for the briefcase bomb that was used in the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by German officers on July 20, 1944. Boselager attended Jesuit Roman Catholic schools and hoped to study law, but his aristocratic family suggested that he enlist in the cavalry ...
- Boselli, Paolo
- statesman who headed the Italian government that declared war on Germany in World War I. [1 Related Articles]
- Bosendorfer piano
- (from the article "Bosendorfer, Ignaz") Bosendorfer served an apprenticeship with the Viennese piano maker Joseph Brodmann. After Franz Liszt began using Bosendorfer's instruments, his company gained international fame, and Bosendorfer was formally recognized by the Austrian emperor as imperial piano-manufacturer in 1830.
- Bosendorfer, Ignaz
- Austrian builder of pianos and founder of the firm that bears his name.
- bosh
- (from the article "blast furnace") The bosh is the hottest part of the furnace because of its close proximity to the reaction between air and coke. Molten iron accumulates in the hearth, which has a taphole to draw off the molten iron and, higher up, a slag hole to remove the mixture of impurities and ...
- bosh parallel
- (from the article "iron processing") ...bosh. Air is blown into the furnace through tuyeres, water-cooled nozzles made of copper and mounted at the top of the hearth close to its junction with the bosh. A short vertical section called the bosh parallel, or the barrel, connects the bosh to the truncated upright cone that is ...
- Boshan
- (from the article "Zibo") ...sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each is now a district of the municipality. Zhangdian, in the north-central part of the municipality, is its administrative seat. Linzi constitutes the ...
- boshan xianglu
- Chinese bronze censer common in the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Censers (vessels made for burning incense) of this type were made to represent the form of the Bo Mountain (Bo Shan), a mythical land of immortality. [2 Related Articles]
- Boshaq
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...and Cat"), an amusing political satire. Since few new forms or means of expression were open to them, 'Obeyd and other poets began ridiculing the classic models of literature: thus, Boshaq (died c. 1426) composed odes and ghazals exclusively on the subject of food.
- Bosio, Francois-Joseph, Baron
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...Falconet, who was director of sculpture at the Sevres factory. The slightly younger generation included the sculptors Joseph Chinard, Joseph-Charles Marin, Antoine-Denis Chaudet, and Baron Francois-Joseph Bosio. The early sculpture of Ingres's well-known contemporary Francois Rude was Neoclassical.
- Boskovski, Ljube
- (from the article "Macedonia") On February 25 Croatian prosecutors charged former interior minister Ljube Boskovski with murder in connection with the killing of seven immigrants in 2002. After Boskovski was also charged with war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on March 14, the Croatian authorities handed him over ...
- Bosman, Herman Charles
- South African writer who is noted for his short stories depicting rural Afrikaner character and life. [1 Related Articles]
- Bosman, Jean-Marc
- (from the article "football (soccer)") ...have been the principal beneficiaries. UEFA has reinvented the European Cup as the Champions League, allowing the wealthiest clubs freer entry and more matches. In the early 1990s, Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman sued the Belgian Football Association, challenging European football's traditional rule that all transfers of players (including those without ...
- Bosna River
- river of Bosnia and Herzegovina, rising from a spring at the foot of Mount Igman and following a 168-mile (271-km) course northward to enter the Sava River. Its tributaries are the Zeljeznica, Miljacka, Fojnica, Lasva, Gostovic, Krivaja, Usora, and Spreca rivers, all noted for freshwater fishing. The major cities along ... [1 Related Articles]
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