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algebraic number ... Ali

algebraic number real number for which there exists a polynomial equation with integer coefficients such that the given real number is a solution. Algebraic numbers include all of the natural numbers, all rational numbers, some irrational numbers, and complex numbers of the form pi+q, where p and q are rational, and i ... algebraic surface in three-dimensional space, a surface the equation of which is f(x,y,z)=0, with f(x,y,z) a polynomial in x, y, z. The order of the surface is the degree of the polynomial equation. If the surface is of the first order, it is a plane. If the surface is of order two, ... algebraic topology Field of mathematics that uses algebraic structures to study transformations of geometric objects. It uses functions (often called maps in this context) to represent continuous transformations (see topology). Taken together, a set of maps and objects may form an algebraic group, which can be analyzed by group-theory methods. A well-known ... Algebraic Versus Transcendental Objects One important difference between the differential calculus of Pierre de Fermat and Rene Descartes and the full calculus of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is the difference between algebraic and transcendental objects. The rules of differential calculus are complete in the world of algebraic curves-those defined by equations of ... Algeciras port city, Cadiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, in extreme southern Spain, across the Bay of Gibraltar from Gibraltar. Algeciras Conference (Jan. 16-April 7, 1906), international conference of the great European powers and the United States, held at Algeciras, Spain, to discuss France's relationship to the government of Morocco. The conference climaxed the First Moroccan Crisis (see Moroccan crises). Alger Of Liege Flemish priest famed in his day for his learning and writings. Alger, Horatio one of the most popular American authors in the last 30 years of the 19th century and perhaps the most socially influential American writer of his generation. Algeria: Year in Review 1994 Algeria is a republic of North Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi). Pop. (1993 est.): 27,029,000. Cap.: Algiers. Monetary unit: Algerian dinar, with (Oct. 4, 1993) an official rate of 19.20 dinars to U.S. $1 (29.09 dinars = 1 sterling). Chairman of the High ... Algeria: Year in Review 1995 Algeria is a republic of North Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi). Pop. (1994 est.): 27,815,000. Cap.: Algiers. Monetary unit: Algerian dinar, with (Oct. 7, 1994) a controlled rate of 37.95 dinars to U.S. $1 (60.36 dinars = 1 sterling). Chairman of the High ... Algeria: Year in Review 1996 Algeria is a republic of North Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi). Pop. (1995 est.): 27,939,000. Cap.: Algiers. Monetary unit: Algerian dinar, with (Oct. 6, 1995) a controlled rate of 50.51 dinars to U.S. $1 (79.85 dinars = 1 sterling). President in 1995, Liamine ... Algeria: Year in Review 1997 Algeria is a republic of North Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi). Pop. (1996 est.): 28,566,000. Cap.: Algiers. Monetary unit: Algerian dinar, with (Oct. 11, 1996) a controlled rate of 55.83 dinars to U.S. $1 (87.95 dinars = 1 sterling). President in 1996, Liamine ... Algeria: Year in Review 1998 Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi) Algeria: Year in Review 1999 Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi) Algeria: Year in Review 2000 In theory 1999 should have marked the beginning of a new era in Algeria in the wake of the departure of the Zeroual regime. The first three months of the year, however, were marked by an increasingly vituperative presidential election campaign that culminated, on April 15, in the withdrawal of ... Algeria: Year in Review 2001 The year 2000 opened on a high note for Algerian Pres. Abdelaziz Bouteflika as the 600-strong Army of Islamic Salvation and an additional 1,500 militants from other clandestine Islamic groups surrendered under a six-month partial amnesty that ended on January 13. The eight-year-long struggle between the Algerian army and the ... Algeria: Year in Review 2002 Throughout 2001 Algeria continued to suffer from the chronic and endemic violence of the past decade. Though the levels of violence had diminished from the peaks of 1998, the Armed Islamic Group and the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat continued to attack civilians and military targets. Violence even returned ... Algeria: Year in Review 2003 Despite major efforts by the Algerian army throughout 2002, violence continued to erupt in many parts of the country, including the capital. By October at least 1,200 persons had died. Algiers faced the reintroduction of security barriers, removed two years earlier, despite the dismantling of a major terrorist cell in ... Algeria: Year in Review 2004 During 2003 Algeria experienced a lessening in the violence that had plagued the country for 12 years, and the death toll dropped to below 100 persons a month. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) appeared fragmented by midyear, even though the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) continued to threaten ... Algeria: Year in Review 2005 The April presidential election was the dominant event in Algeria in 2004. Pres. Abdelaziz Bouteflika's reelection was meticulously planned and executed, although the size of his victory-85% of the vote-led to complaints of vote rigging. Despite these complaints, the result was generally accepted as reflecting popular choice. In the run-up ... Algeria: Year in Review 2006 The year 2005 in Algeria was one of consolidation. Despite a brief upsurge in violence in May, the capture in January in Algiers of Noureddine Boudiafi, the head of the Armed Islamic Group, meant that only the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) continued to be active. In June ... Algeria: Year in Review 2007 Throughout 2006 the Algerian political scene was dominated by Pres. Abdelaziz Bouteflika's insistence on national reconciliation in the wake of a decade of civil war. The president himself had taken a lengthy convalescence the previous year, owing to a stomach illness. It delayed the introduction of the enabling legislation for ... Algeria: Year in Review 2008 The turnout was a dismal 35%, a record low, for the legislative elections that were held in May 2007 in Algeria. Even though the National Liberation Front (FLN), the largest party in the three-member coalition government, lost 67 seats in the lower parliamentary chamber, its two allies in the coalition ... Algeria: Year in Review 2009 Throughout 2008, Algerians awaited news of Pres. Abdelaziz Bouteflika's plan to amend the constitution by removing the bar on more than two presidential terms for an incumbent, lengthening the presidential term to seven years, appointing a vice president, and making the government answerable to the president rather than to the ... Algeria: Year in Review 2010 The dominant event in Algeria in 2009 was the presidential election held on April 9. The ground had been well prepared; constitutional amendments that favoured the incumbent had been promulgated by presidential decree on Oct. 29, 2008, and approved overwhelmingly by the parliament on Nov. 12, 2008. The amendments removed ... Algeria: Year in Review 2011 The Algerian economy improved throughout 2010 as oil prices recovered from a dip in 2008 that had caused a 34.1% fall in external revenues in 2009 and a budget deficit of 7.5% of GDP, the highest since the 1990s. A wave of strikes over economic conditions that had begun in ... Algeria: Year in Review 2012 Confronted by increasingly violent demonstrations and riots over escalating food prices at the end of 2010 and in January 2011, the government of Algeria moved swiftly to address popular demands. On January 8 it announced subsidies, which were expected to reduce prices by 41% for staples such as sugar and ... Algeria: Year in Review 2013 An official sense of complacent stagnation characterized Algeria throughout 2012. The government used public expenditure to contain popular discontent, substantially increasing spending on consumer subsidies, job creation, and housing. This was on top of the 20% increase in the minimum wage in 2011 after a wave of strikes in October ... Algeria large, predominantly Muslim country of North Africa. From the Mediterranean coast, along which most of its people live, Algeria extends southward deep into the heart of the Sahara, a forbidding desert where the Earth's hottest surface temperatures have been recorded and which constitutes more than four-fifths of the country's area. ... Algeria, flag of vertically striped green-white national flag with a central red star and crescent. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3. Algerian Muslim Ulama, Association of a body of Muslim religious scholars ('ulama') who, under French rule, advocated the restoration of an Algerian nation rooted in Islamic and Arabic traditions. Algerian War (1954-62) war for Algerian independence from France. The movement for independence began during World War I (1914-18) and gained momentum after French promises of greater self-rule in Algeria went unfulfilled after World War II (1939-45). In 1954 the National Liberation Front (FLN) began a guerrilla war against France and sought ... Algernon fictional character, a witty man-about-town in Oscar Wilde's play The Importance Of Being Earnest (1895). Algernon Moncrieff, known as Algy, is the nephew of Lady Bracknell. He pretends to be the brother of his friend Jack Worthing so that he may meet Cecily, Jack's ward. Algernon invents an imaginary invalid ... Alghero town and episcopal see, northwestern Sardinia, Italy, southwest of Sassari city. It was founded in 1102 by the Doria family of Genoa and became a Catalan colony under Peter IV of Aragon in 1354. Emperor Charles V took up residence there in 1541. It is the only Italian town where ... Algiers capital and chief seaport of Algeria. It is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Algirdas grand duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377, who made Lithuania one of the largest European states of his day. His son Jogaila became Wladyslaw II Jagiello, king of united Poland and Lithuania. ALGOL computer programming language designed by an international committee of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), led by Alan J. Perlis of Carnegie Mellon University, during 1958-60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing computations. Like LISP, ALGOL had recursive subprograms-procedures that could invoke themselves to solve a problem by ... Algol prototype of a class of variable stars called eclipsing binaries, the second brightest star in the northern constellation Perseus. Its apparent visual magnitude changes over the range of 2.1 to 3.4 with a period of 2.87 days. Even at its dimmest it remains readily visible to the unaided eye. The ... Algonquian languages North American Indian language family whose member languages are or were spoken in Canada, New England, the Atlantic coastal region southward to North Carolina, and the Great Lakes region and surrounding areas westward to the Rocky Mountains. Among the numerous Algonquian languages are Cree, Ojibwa, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Mi'kmaq (Micmac), Arapaho, ... Algonquin North American Indian tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands originally living in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Can. The tribe should be differentiated from the Algonquian language family, as the latter term refers to a much ... Algonquin Provincial Park wilderness area, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies about 140 miles (225 km) northeast of Toronto and covers an area of 2,955 square miles (7,653 square km). Established in 1893, the park, once a lumbering area, is a hilly wildlife refuge for bears, beaver, deer, moose, and smaller game. It straddles ... Algonquin Round Table informal group of American literary men and women who met daily for lunch on weekdays at a large round table in the Algonquin Hotel in New York City during the 1920s and '30s. The Algonquin Round Table began meeting in 1919, and within a few years its participants included many ... Algonquin, Lake large glacial lake that once existed in North America and covered most of the area now occupied by three Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, and Huron). Lake Algonquin was present in the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), a geologic glacial period when the Laurentide Ice Sheet was ... algorithm systematic procedure that produces-in a finite number of steps-the answer to a question or the solution of a problem. The name derives from the Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, of the 9th-century Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi's arithmetic treatise "Al-Khwarizmi Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning." algorithms, analysis of Basic computer-science discipline that aids in the development of effective programs. Analysis of algorithms provides proof of the correctness of algorithms, allows for the accurate prediction of program performance, and can be used as a measure of computational complexity. See also Donald Knuth. Algren, Nelson writer whose novels of the poor are lifted from routine naturalism by his vision of their pride, humour, and unquenchable yearnings. He also catches with poetic skill the mood of the city's underside: its jukebox pounding, stench, and neon glare. ALH84001 meteorite determined to have come from Mars and the subject of a contentious scientific claim that it contains the remains of ancient life indigenous to the planet. Recovered from the Allan Hills ice field of Antarctica in 1984, the 1.9-kg (4.2-pound) igneous rock is thought to have crystallized from magma ... Alhambra palace and fortress of the Moorish monarchs of Granada, Spain. The name Alhambra, signifying in Arabic "the red," is probably derived from the colour of the sun-dried tapia, or bricks made of fine gravel and clay, of which the outer walls are built. Alhambra city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. Alhambra lies in the San Gabriel Valley, south of Pasadena. Laid out in 1874 by Benjamin D. Wilson on land once part of Mission San Gabriel Arcangel, it developed as an agricultural community with a unique irrigation system using the first piped water in ... Alhucemas Spanish exclave on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, comprising a bay, three islets, and a small port. The bay, a semicircular inlet (9 miles [14 km] wide and 5 miles [8 km] long), is protected by Cap Nuevo; its sandy bottom is an extension of the Nekor River alluvial plain. ... Ali cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the "rightly guided" (rashidun) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shi'ism in all its forms. The question of his right to the ...